Psychology Wiki
Don't have an account?
Register
Register
in: Anxiety assessment

Changes: Beck Anxiety Inventory

Back to page
Sign in to edit
No edit summary
(update wp)
 
Line 3: Line 3:
 
The '''Beck Anxiety Inventory''' (BAI) . A 21-item questionnaire with the following cut-off points: 0–7 = normal, 8–15 = mild to moderate, 16–25 = moderate to severe and 26–63 = severe.
  
The '''Beck Anxiety Inventory''' (BAI) . A 21-item questionnaire with the following cut-off points: 0–7 = normal, 8–15 = mild to moderate, 16–25 = moderate to severe and 26–63 = severe.
   
  +
==BAI==
−
==Development, Reliability, and Validity==
  
  +
The BAI consists of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last month, expressed as common symptoms of anxiety (such as numbness and tingling, sweating not due to heat, and fear of the worst happening). It is designed for an age range of 17–80 years old. Each question has the same set of four possible answer choices, which are arranged in columns and are answered by marking the appropriate one with a cross. These are:
  +
  +
<!-- Caps used as they are on the actual scale-->
  +
* NOT AT ALL (0 points)
  +
* MILDLY: It did not bother me much. (1 point)
  +
* MODERATELY: It was very unpleasant, but I could stand it. (2 points)
  +
* SEVERELY: I could barely stand it. (3 points)
  +
  +
The BAI has a maximum score of 63.
  +
  +
* 0-7: minimal level of anxiety
  +
* 8-15: mild anxiety
  +
* 16-25: moderate anxiety
  +
* 26-63: severe anxiety
  +
  +
Note: women with anxiety disorders tend to score 4 points higher than men with anxiety disorders<ref name="BAI">{{cite book | author=Beck AT, Steer RA | title=[[Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual]]| location=San Antonio| publisher=[[Harcourt Brace and Company]]| year=1993}}</ref>
  +
  +
  +
  +
==Development==
 
The scale was developed using a variety of samples totaling 1,086 psychiatric outpatients.
  
The scale was developed using a variety of samples totaling 1,086 psychiatric outpatients.
  ⚫
The manual describes a variety of other dimensions and indicate good reliability and validity for this measure of anxiety.
  +
  +
==Reliability==
 
'''Internal Consistency:''' Internal consistency reliability. Cronback coefficient alpha's ranged from .94 to .92.
  
'''Internal Consistency:''' Internal consistency reliability. Cronback coefficient alpha's ranged from .94 to .92.
   
  +
Reliability scores ranged from r=.85 to r=.93.
⚫
'''Validity''' The BAI's content corresponds closely to the diagnostic criteria and symptoms described in the DSM-III for the diagnosis of anxiety disorder, particularily [[panic]] and [[Generalized Anxiety Disorder]]. Reliability scores ranged from r=.85 to r=.93.
  
  +
  +
==Validity==
  ⚫
'''Validity''' The BAI's content corresponds closely to the diagnostic criteria and symptoms described in the DSM-III for the diagnosis of anxiety disorder, particularily [[panic]] and [[Generalized Anxiety Disorder]].
 
'''Concurrent Validity''' The correlations of the BAI with other self-report rating scales used was largely significant at the p<.05 level and above.
  
'''Concurrent Validity''' The correlations of the BAI with other self-report rating scales used was largely significant at the p<.05 level and above.
   
  +
==Two factor approach to anxiety==
⚫
The manual describes a variety of other dimensions and indicate good reliability and validity for this measure of anxiety.
  
  +
Though anxiety can be thought of as having several components, including cognitive, somatic, affective, and behavioral components, Beck ''et al.'' included only two components in the BAI's original proposal: [[cognition|cognitive]] and [[somatic]].<ref name="twofactor">{{cite journal |author=Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA |title=An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=56 |pages=893–897 |year=1988}}</ref> The cognitive subscale provides a measure of fearful thoughts and impaired cognitive functioning, and the somatic subscale measures the symptoms of physiological arousal.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Armstrong KA, Khawaja NG |title=Gender differences in anxiety:
  +
An investigation of the symptoms, cognitions, and sensitivity towards anxiety in a
  +
nonclinical population |journal=Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy |volume=30 |pages=227–231 |year=2002}}</ref>
  +
  +
Since the introduction of the BAI, other factor structures have been implemented, including a four factor structure used by Beck and Steer with anxious outpatients that included neurophysiological, autonomic symptoms, subjective, and [[panic disorder|panic]] components of anxiety.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beck AT, Steer RA |title=Relationship between the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale with anxious outpatients |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=5 |pages=213–223 |year=1991}}</ref> In 1993, Beck, Steer, and Beck used a three factor structure including subjective, somatic, and panic subscale scores to differentiate among a sample of clinically anxious outpatients<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beck AT, Steer R, Beck JS |title=Types of self-reported anxiety in outpatients with ''DSM-IIIR'' anxiety disorders |journal=Anxiety, Stress, and Coping |volume=6 |pages=43–55 |year=1993}}</ref>
  +
  +
Because the somatic subscale is emphasized on the BAI, with 15 out of 21 items measuring physiological symptoms, perhaps the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of anxiety are being deemphasized. Therefore, the BAI functions more adequately in anxiety disorders with a high somatic component, such as [[panic disorder]]. On the other hand, the BAI won't function as adequately for disorders such as [[social phobia]] or [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]], which have a stronger cognitive or behavioral component.<ref name="nonclinical">{{cite journal |author=Creamer M, Foran J, Bell R |title= The Beck Anxiety Inventory in a nonclinical sample |journal=Behav Res Ther |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=477–485 |year=1995}}</ref>
  +
  +
==Clinical use==
  +
The BAI was specifically designed as "an inventory for measuring clinical anxiety" that minimizes the overlap between depression and anxiety scales.<ref name="twofactor"/> While several studies have shown that [[anxiety]] measures, including the [[State-Trait Anxiety Inventory]] (STAI), are either highly correlated or indistinguishable from [[Depression (mood)|depression]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dahlquist LM, Czyzewski DI, Jones CL |title=Parents of children with cancer: A longitudinal study of emotional distress, coping style, and marital adjustment two and twenty months after diagnosis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=21 |pages=541–554 |year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Dobson KS |title=An analysis of anxiety and depression scales |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=49 |pages=522–527 |year=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Endler NS, Cox BJ, Parker JDA, Bagby RM |title=Self-reports of depression and state-trait anxiety: Evidence for differential assessment |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=63 |pages=832–838 |year=1992}}</ref> the BAI is shown to be less contaminated by depressive content<ref name="twofactor"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Clark DA, Steer RA, Beck AT |title=Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: Implications for the cognitive and tripartite models |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=103 |pages=645–654 |year=1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Enns MW, Cox BJ, Parker JDA, Guertin JE |title=Confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories in patients with major depression |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=47 |pages=195–200 |year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fydrich T, Dowdall D, Chambless DL |title=Reliability and validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=6 |pages=55–61 |year=1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hewitt PL, Norton GR |title=The Beck Anxiety Inventory: A psychometric analysis |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=5 |pages=408–512 |year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Osman A, Kopper BA, Barrios FX, Osman JR, Wade T |title=The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Reexamination of structure and psychometric properties |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=53 |pages=7–14 |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Steer RA, Kumar G, Ranieri WF |title=Use of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with adolescent psychiatric outpatients |journal=Psychological Reports |volume=76 |pages=459–465 |year=1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Steer RA, Ranieri WF, Beck AT, Clark DA |title=Further evidence for the validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with psychiatric outpatients |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=7 |pages=195–205 |year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Wetherell JL, Arean PA |title=Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with older medical patients |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=9 |pages=136–144 |year=1997}}</ref>
  +
  +
Since the BAI does only questions symptoms occurring over the last month, it is not a measure of [[Trait theory|trait]] anxiety or state anxiety. The BAI can be described as a measure of "prolonged [[state anxiety]]," which, in a clinical setting, is an important assessment.
  +
A recently created version of the BAI, the Beck Anxiety Inventory-Trait (BAIT), was developed to assess trait anxiety rather than immediate or prolonged state anxiety, much like the STAI. However, unlike the STAI, the BAIT was developed to minimize the overlap between anxiety and depression.<ref name="bait">{{cite journal |author=Kohn PM, Kantor L, DeCicco TL, Beck AT |title=The Beck Anxiety Inventory-Trait (BAIT): A measure of dispositional anxiety not contaminated by dispositional depression |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=499–506 |year=2008}}</ref>
  +
  +
A 1999 review found that the BAI was the third most used research measure of anxiety, behind the STAI and the [[Fear Survey Schedule]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Piotrowski C |title=The status of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in contemporary research |journal=Psychol Rep |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=261–2 |year=1999 |pmid=10575991 |doi=10.2466/PR0.85.5.261-262}}</ref> which provides quantitative information about how clients react to possible sources of [[maladaptive emotional reactions]].
  +
  +
The BAI has been used in a variety of different patient groups, including adolescents. Though support exists for using the BAI with high-school students and psychiatric inpatient samples of ages 14 to 18 years,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Osman A, Hoffman J, Barrios FX, Kopper BA, Breitenstein JL, Hahn SK |title=Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in adolescent psychiatric inpatients |journal=J Clin Psychol |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=443–56 |year=2002 |pmid=11920696 |doi=10.1002/jclp.1154}}</ref> the recently developed diagnostic tool, [[Beck Youth Inventories]], Second Edition, contains a anxiety inventory of 20 questions specifically designed for children and adolescents ages 7 to 18 years old.<ref>{{cite book | author=Beck JS, Beck AT, Jolly JB, Steer RA |title=[[Beck Youth Inventories-Second Edition for Children and Adolescents Manual]] |location=San Antonio |publisher=[[PsychCorp]]| year=2005}}</ref>
  +
  +
==Limitations==
  +
Though the BAI was developed to minimize its overlap with the depression scale as measured by the [[Beck Depression Inventory]], a [[Correlation and dependence|correlation]] of r=.66 (p<.01) between the BAI and BDI-II was seen among psychiatric outpatients,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri WF |title=Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=588–597 |year=1996}}</ref> suggesting that the BAI and the BDI-II equally discriminate between anxiety and depression.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stulz N, Crits-Christoph P |title=Distinguishing anxiety and depression in self-report: Purification of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory-II |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=66 |issue=9 |pages=927–940 |year=2010}}</ref>
  +
  +
Another study indicates that, in primary care patients with different anxiety disorders including social phobia, panic disorder, panic disorder with or without [[agoraphobia]], agoraphobia, or [[generalized anxiety disorder]], the BAI seemed to measure the severity of depression. This suggests that perhaps the BAI cannot adequately differentiate between depression and anxiety in a primary care population.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Muntingh ADT, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, van Marwijk HWJ, Spinhoven P, Penninx BWJH, van Balkom AJLM |title=Is the beck anxiety inventory a good tool to assess the severity of anxiety? A primary care study in The Netherlands study of depression and anxiety (NESDA) |journal=BMC Family Practice |volume=12 |issue=66 |year=2011}}</ref>
  +
  +
In a study examining the BAI's use on older adults with generalized anxiety disorder, no discriminant validity was seen between the BAI and measures of depression. This could perhaps be due to the increased difficulty in discriminating between anxiety and depression in older adults due to "de-differentiation" of the symptoms of anxiety with the aging process, as hypothesized by Krasucki et al.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Krasucki C, Howard R, Mann A |title=The relationship between anxiety disorders and age |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |pages=79–99 |year=1998}}</ref>
  +
  +
Finally, the mean and median reliability estimates of the BAI tend to be lower when given to a nonpsychiatric population, such as college students, than when given to a psychiatric population.<ref>{{cite journal |author=deAyala RJ, Vonderharr-Carlson DJ, Kim D |title=Assessing the reliability of The Beck Anxiety Inventory Scores |journal=Educational and Psychological Measurement |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=742–756 |year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Wetherell JL, Gatz M |title=The Beck Anxiety Inventory in Older Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder |journal=Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |year=2005}}</ref>
  +
  +
  +
==See also==
  +
* [[Beck Depression Inventory]]
  +
* [[Beck Hopelessness Scale]]
  +
* [[Major Depression Inventory]]
  +
* [[Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry]]
   
 
==References==
  
==References==
  +
<references/>
−
(Beck, Epstein, Brown and Steer, 1988)
  
  +
   
 
==Studies using this instrument==
  
==Studies using this instrument==
Line 19: Line 79:
   
   
  +
−
{{Psych-stub}}
  
 
[[Category:Anxiety assessment]]
  
[[Category:Anxiety assessment]]

Latest revision as of 08:19, 11 June 2013

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Social Processes: Methodology · Types of test

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) . A 21-item questionnaire with the following cut-off points: 0–7 = normal, 8–15 = mild to moderate, 16–25 = moderate to severe and 26–63 = severe.

BAI

The BAI consists of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last month, expressed as common symptoms of anxiety (such as numbness and tingling, sweating not due to heat, and fear of the worst happening). It is designed for an age range of 17–80 years old. Each question has the same set of four possible answer choices, which are arranged in columns and are answered by marking the appropriate one with a cross. These are:

  • NOT AT ALL (0 points)
  • MILDLY: It did not bother me much. (1 point)
  • MODERATELY: It was very unpleasant, but I could stand it. (2 points)
  • SEVERELY: I could barely stand it. (3 points)

The BAI has a maximum score of 63.

  • 0-7: minimal level of anxiety
  • 8-15: mild anxiety
  • 16-25: moderate anxiety
  • 26-63: severe anxiety

Note: women with anxiety disorders tend to score 4 points higher than men with anxiety disorders[1]


Development

The scale was developed using a variety of samples totaling 1,086 psychiatric outpatients. The manual describes a variety of other dimensions and indicate good reliability and validity for this measure of anxiety.

Reliability

Internal Consistency: Internal consistency reliability. Cronback coefficient alpha's ranged from .94 to .92.

Reliability scores ranged from r=.85 to r=.93.

Validity

Validity The BAI's content corresponds closely to the diagnostic criteria and symptoms described in the DSM-III for the diagnosis of anxiety disorder, particularily panic and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Concurrent Validity The correlations of the BAI with other self-report rating scales used was largely significant at the p<.05 level and above.

Two factor approach to anxiety

Though anxiety can be thought of as having several components, including cognitive, somatic, affective, and behavioral components, Beck et al. included only two components in the BAI's original proposal: cognitive and somatic.[2] The cognitive subscale provides a measure of fearful thoughts and impaired cognitive functioning, and the somatic subscale measures the symptoms of physiological arousal.[3]

Since the introduction of the BAI, other factor structures have been implemented, including a four factor structure used by Beck and Steer with anxious outpatients that included neurophysiological, autonomic symptoms, subjective, and panic components of anxiety.[4] In 1993, Beck, Steer, and Beck used a three factor structure including subjective, somatic, and panic subscale scores to differentiate among a sample of clinically anxious outpatients[5]

Because the somatic subscale is emphasized on the BAI, with 15 out of 21 items measuring physiological symptoms, perhaps the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of anxiety are being deemphasized. Therefore, the BAI functions more adequately in anxiety disorders with a high somatic component, such as panic disorder. On the other hand, the BAI won't function as adequately for disorders such as social phobia or obsessive-compulsive disorder, which have a stronger cognitive or behavioral component.[6]

Clinical use

The BAI was specifically designed as "an inventory for measuring clinical anxiety" that minimizes the overlap between depression and anxiety scales.[2] While several studies have shown that anxiety measures, including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), are either highly correlated or indistinguishable from depression,[7][8][9] the BAI is shown to be less contaminated by depressive content[2][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

Since the BAI does only questions symptoms occurring over the last month, it is not a measure of trait anxiety or state anxiety. The BAI can be described as a measure of "prolonged state anxiety," which, in a clinical setting, is an important assessment. A recently created version of the BAI, the Beck Anxiety Inventory-Trait (BAIT), was developed to assess trait anxiety rather than immediate or prolonged state anxiety, much like the STAI. However, unlike the STAI, the BAIT was developed to minimize the overlap between anxiety and depression.[18]

A 1999 review found that the BAI was the third most used research measure of anxiety, behind the STAI and the Fear Survey Schedule,[19] which provides quantitative information about how clients react to possible sources of maladaptive emotional reactions.

The BAI has been used in a variety of different patient groups, including adolescents. Though support exists for using the BAI with high-school students and psychiatric inpatient samples of ages 14 to 18 years,[20] the recently developed diagnostic tool, Beck Youth Inventories, Second Edition, contains a anxiety inventory of 20 questions specifically designed for children and adolescents ages 7 to 18 years old.[21]

Limitations

Though the BAI was developed to minimize its overlap with the depression scale as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, a correlation of r=.66 (p<.01) between the BAI and BDI-II was seen among psychiatric outpatients,[22] suggesting that the BAI and the BDI-II equally discriminate between anxiety and depression.[23]

Another study indicates that, in primary care patients with different anxiety disorders including social phobia, panic disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia, or generalized anxiety disorder, the BAI seemed to measure the severity of depression. This suggests that perhaps the BAI cannot adequately differentiate between depression and anxiety in a primary care population.[24]

In a study examining the BAI's use on older adults with generalized anxiety disorder, no discriminant validity was seen between the BAI and measures of depression. This could perhaps be due to the increased difficulty in discriminating between anxiety and depression in older adults due to "de-differentiation" of the symptoms of anxiety with the aging process, as hypothesized by Krasucki et al.[25]

Finally, the mean and median reliability estimates of the BAI tend to be lower when given to a nonpsychiatric population, such as college students, than when given to a psychiatric population.[26][27]


See also

References

  1. ↑ Beck AT, Steer RA (1993). Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual, San Antonio: Harcourt Brace and Company.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56: 893–897.
  3. ↑ Armstrong KA, Khawaja NG (2002). Gender differences in anxiety: An investigation of the symptoms, cognitions, and sensitivity towards anxiety in a nonclinical population. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 30: 227–231.
  4. ↑ Beck AT, Steer RA (1991). Relationship between the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale with anxious outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 5: 213–223.
  5. ↑ Beck AT, Steer R, Beck JS (1993). Types of self-reported anxiety in outpatients with DSM-IIIR anxiety disorders. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 6: 43–55.
  6. ↑ Creamer M, Foran J, Bell R (1995). The Beck Anxiety Inventory in a nonclinical sample. Behav Res Ther 33 (4): 477–485.
  7. ↑ Dahlquist LM, Czyzewski DI, Jones CL (1996). Parents of children with cancer: A longitudinal study of emotional distress, coping style, and marital adjustment two and twenty months after diagnosis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 21: 541–554.
  8. ↑ Dobson KS (1985). An analysis of anxiety and depression scales. Journal of Personality Assessment 49: 522–527.
  9. ↑ Endler NS, Cox BJ, Parker JDA, Bagby RM (1992). Self-reports of depression and state-trait anxiety: Evidence for differential assessment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63: 832–838.
  10. ↑ Clark DA, Steer RA, Beck AT (1994). Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: Implications for the cognitive and tripartite models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103: 645–654.
  11. ↑ Enns MW, Cox BJ, Parker JDA, Guertin JE (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories in patients with major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 47: 195–200.
  12. ↑ Fydrich T, Dowdall D, Chambless DL (1992). Reliability and validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 6: 55–61.
  13. ↑ Hewitt PL, Norton GR (1993). The Beck Anxiety Inventory: A psychometric analysis. Psychological Assessment 5: 408–512.
  14. ↑ Osman A, Kopper BA, Barrios FX, Osman JR, Wade T (1997). The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Reexamination of structure and psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Psychology 53: 7–14.
  15. ↑ Steer RA, Kumar G, Ranieri WF (1995). Use of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. Psychological Reports 76: 459–465.
  16. ↑ Steer RA, Ranieri WF, Beck AT, Clark DA (1993). Further evidence for the validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 7: 195–205.
  17. ↑ Wetherell JL, Arean PA (1997). Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with older medical patients. Psychological Assessment 9: 136–144.
  18. ↑ Kohn PM, Kantor L, DeCicco TL, Beck AT (2008). The Beck Anxiety Inventory-Trait (BAIT): A measure of dispositional anxiety not contaminated by dispositional depression. Journal of Personality Assessment 90 (5): 499–506.
  19. ↑ Piotrowski C (1999). The status of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in contemporary research. Psychol Rep 85 (1): 261–2.
  20. ↑ Osman A, Hoffman J, Barrios FX, Kopper BA, Breitenstein JL, Hahn SK (2002). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. J Clin Psychol 58 (4): 443–56.
  21. ↑ Beck JS, Beck AT, Jolly JB, Steer RA (2005). Beck Youth Inventories-Second Edition for Children and Adolescents Manual, San Antonio: PsychCorp.
  22. ↑ Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri WF (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment 67 (3): 588–597.
  23. ↑ Stulz N, Crits-Christoph P (2010). Distinguishing anxiety and depression in self-report: Purification of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory-II. Journal of Clinical Psychology 66 (9): 927–940.
  24. ↑ Muntingh ADT, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, van Marwijk HWJ, Spinhoven P, Penninx BWJH, van Balkom AJLM (2011). Is the beck anxiety inventory a good tool to assess the severity of anxiety? A primary care study in The Netherlands study of depression and anxiety (NESDA). BMC Family Practice 12 (66).
  25. ↑ Krasucki C, Howard R, Mann A (1998). The relationship between anxiety disorders and age. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 13: 79–99.
  26. ↑ deAyala RJ, Vonderharr-Carlson DJ, Kim D (2005). Assessing the reliability of The Beck Anxiety Inventory Scores. Educational and Psychological Measurement 65 (5): 742–756.
  27. ↑ Wetherell JL, Gatz M (2005). The Beck Anxiety Inventory in Older Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 27 (1): 17–24.


Studies using this instrument

Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.