Changes: Attitudes

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Social psychology: Altruism · Attribution · Attitudes · Conformity · Discrimination · Groups · Interpersonal relations · Obedience · Prejudice · Norms · Perception · Index · Outline

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Attitudes

Attitudes within groups

Attitudes towards groups

Attitudes towards

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Attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's like or dislike for an item. Attitudes are positive, negative or neutral views of an "attitude object": i.e. a person, behaviour or event. People can also be "ambivalent" towards a target, meaning that they simultaneously possess a positive and a negative bias towards the attitude in question.

Attitudes comes from judgments. Attitudes develop on the ABC model (affect, behavioral change and cognition). The affective response is a physiological response that expresses an individual's preference for an entity. The behavioral intention is a verbal indication of the intention of an individual. The cognitive response is a cognitive evaluation of the entity to form an attitude. Most attitudes in individuals are a result of observational learning from their environment. The link between attitude and behavior exists but depends on human behavior, some of which is irrational. For example, a person who is in favor of blood transfusion may not donate blood. This makes sense if the person does not like the sight of blood, which explains this irrationality.

Implicit and explicit attitudes

There is also considerable research on "implicit" attitudes, which are unconscious but have effects (identified through sophisticated methods using people's response times to stimuli). Implicit and "explicit" attitudes seem to affect people's behavior, though in different ways. They tend not to be strongly associated with each other, although in some cases they are. The relationship between them is poorly understood.

Philosophical aspect

Attitude may also be seen as a form or appearance that an individual assumes to gain or achieve an egotistic preference, whether it is acceptance, manifestation of power or other self-centered needs. Attitude may be considered as a primitive attribute to the preservation of the self or of the ego.

Attitude formation

Unlike personality, attitudes are expected to change as a function of experience. Tesser (1993) has argued that hereditary variables may affect attitudes - but believes that they may do so indirectly. For example, if one inherits the disposition to become an extrovert, this may affect one's attitude to certain styles of music. There are numerous theories of attitude formation and attitude change.

Main article: Attitude formation

Factors that affect attitude change

Attitudes can be changed through persuasion. The celebrated work of Carl Hovland, at Yale University in the 1950s and 1960s, helped to advance knowledge of persuasion. In Hovland's view, we should understand attitude change as a response to communication. He and his colleagues did experimental research into the factors that can affect the persuasiveness of a message:

Main article: Attitude change

Emotion and Attitude Change

Emotion is a common component in persuasion, social influence, and attitude change. Much of attitude research emphasized the importance of affective or emotion components (Breckler & Wiggins, 1992). Emotion works hand-in-hand with the cognitive process, or the way we think, about an issue or situation. Emotional appeals are commonly found in advertising, health campaigns and political messages. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaign advertising emphasizing the fear of terrorism.

Main article: Emotion and attitude change

Attitude measurement

Main article: Attitude measure

Attitude in the workplace

When it comes to Human Resource Management and recruiting, in recent years hire for attitude became a well known mantra. Several commercial tests such as the LAB Profile, Nowhere is your positive attitude more required and appreciated by others than your workplace. There are sound reasons for this: about 30% of an employee’s waking hours are spent at the workplace. Without some positive people around, this time could become troublesome. iWAM and PAPI were developed to measure work Attitude and motivation, e.g. for pre-employment testing

Main article: Employee attitudes

Main article: Employer attitudes

Main article: Job applicant attitudes

Main article: Occupational attitudes

Researchers into attitudes

Journals

Attitudes amongst groups

Attitudes towards groups

Aged (attitudes toward)
Disabled (attitudes toward

Attitudes towards concepts or behaviors

References & Bibliography

Key texts

Books

Papers

Additional material

Books

Ajzen, I. (1988) Attitudes, Personality and Behaviour, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Papers

Google Scholar
Abelson, R.P. (1976) Script processing in attitude formation and decision making. In: J.S. Carroll and J.W. Payne (eds) Cognition and Social Behaviour, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1977) Attitude-behaviour relationships: a theoretical analysis and review of empirical research, Psychological Bulletin 84: 888-918.
Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1980) Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ajzen, 1., Timko, C. and White, J.B. (1982) Self-monitoring and the attitude-behaviour relation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42: 426-35.

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

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+{{SocPsy}}
-'''Attitude''' is a concept in [[psychology]].  Attitudes are positive or negative views of an "attitude object": i.e. a [[person]], behaviour or event.  People can also be "ambivalent" towards a target, meaning that they simultaneously possess a positive and a negative attitude.
+{{Expert}}
+{{Attitudes}}
+{{TOCleft}}
+'''Attitude''' is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's like or dislike for an item. Attitudes are positive, negative or neutral views of an "attitude object": i.e. a [[person]], behaviour or event.  People can also be "ambivalent" towards a target, meaning that they simultaneously possess a positive and a negative bias towards the attitude in question.
-Attitudes come from judgements. Attitudes develop on the '''ABC''' model (affect, behavioral change and [[cognition]]). The ''affective'' response is a [[Physiology|physiological]] response that expresses an individual's preference for an entity. The ''behavioral intention'' is a verbal indication of the intention of an individual. The ''cognitive'' response is a cognitive evaluation of the entity to form an attitude. Most attitudes in individuals are a result of ''social learning'' from the environment.
+Attitudes comes from judgments. Attitudes develop on the '''ABC''' model (affect, behavioral change and [[cognition]]). The ''affective'' response is a [[Physiology|physiological]] response that expresses an individual's preference for an entity. The ''behavioral intention'' is a verbal indication of the intention of an individual. The ''cognitive'' response is a cognitive evaluation of the entity to form an attitude. Most attitudes in individuals are a result of ''[[observational learning]]'' from their environment.
+The link between attitude and behavior exists but depends on human behavior, some of which is irrational. For example, a person who is in favor of blood transfusion may not donate blood. This makes sense if the person does not like the sight of blood, which explains this irrationality.
-The link between attitude and behavior exists but depends on attitude specificity, attitude relevance, [[personality]], social constraints and timing of measurement. Several things play a role for an attitude to cause a behavior. For example, a person may have a positive attitude towards [[blood]] donation but not go to a [[blood bank]] to donate blood.
 == Implicit and explicit attitudes ==
-There is also considerable [[research]] on "implicit" attitudes, which are unconscious but which have effects (identified through sophisticated experiments using people's response times to stimuli). Implicit and "explicit" attitudes (i.e. ones people report when they ask themselves how much they like an object) seem to affect people's behaviour, though in different ways. They tend not to be strongly associated with each other, although in some cases they are. The relationship between them is poorly understood.
+There is also considerable [[research]] on "implicit" attitudes, which are unconscious but have effects (identified through sophisticated methods using people's response times to stimuli). Implicit and "explicit" attitudes seem to affect people's behavior, though in different ways. They tend not to be strongly associated with each other, although in some cases they are. The relationship between them is poorly understood.
+== Philosophical aspect ==
+Attitude may also be seen as a form or appearance that an individual assumes to gain or achieve an egotistic preference, whether it is acceptance, manifestation of power or other self-centered needs. Attitude may be considered as a primitive attribute to the preservation of the [[self]] or of the [[ego]].
 == Attitude formation ==
-Unlike [[personality]], attitudes are expected to change as a function of [[experience]]. Tesser (1993) has argued that heredity variables may affect attitudes  - but believes that may do so indirectly. For example, if one inherits the disposition to become an extrovert, this may affect one's attitude to certain styles of music. There are numerous theories of attitude formation and [[attitude change]]. These include:
+Unlike [[personality psychology|personality]], attitudes are expected to change as a function of [[experience]]. Tesser (1993) has argued that hereditary variables may affect attitudes  - but believes that they may do so indirectly. For example, if one inherits the disposition to become an extrovert, this may affect one's attitude to certain styles of music. There are numerous theories of attitude formation and [[attitude change]].
-*Consistency theories, which imply that we must be consistent in our beliefs and values. The most famous example of such a theory is [[cognitive dissonance|Dissonance-reduction]] theory, associated with [[Leon Festinger]], although there are others, such as the balance theory of  [[Fritz Heider]].
+{{Main|Attitude formation}}
-*[[Self-perception theory]], associated with [[Daryl Bem]]
-*[[Meta program]]s, associated with [[Neuro-linguistic programming]]
-*[[Persuasion]]
-*[[Elaboration Likelihood Model]] associated with [[Richard E. Petty]]and the Systematic Heuristic model of Shelley Chaiken.
-*[[Social judgment theory]]
-*[[Balance theory]]
-*[[Abundance theory]]
-== Attitude change ==
+== Factors that affect attitude change ==
+Attitudes can be changed through persuasion. The celebrated work of Carl Hovland, at Yale University in the 1950s and 1960s, helped to advance knowledge of persuasion. In Hovland's view, we should understand attitude change as a response to communication. He and his colleagues did experimental research into the factors that can affect the persuasiveness of a message:
+{{Main|Attitude change}}
-Attitudes can be changed through [[persuasion]]. The celebrated work of Carl Hovland, at Yale University in the 1950s and 1960s, helped to advance knowledge of persuasion. In Hovland's view, we should understand attitude change as a response to communication. He and his colleagues did experimental research into the factors that can affect the persuasiveness of a message:-
+===Emotion and Attitude Change===
-# '''Target Characteristics''': These are characteristics that refer to the person who receives and processes a message. One such is [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]]  - it seems that more intelligent people are less easily persuaded by one-sided messages. Another variable that has been studied in this category is [[self esteem]]. Although it is sometimes thought that those higher in self-esteem are less easily persuaded, there is some evidence that the relationship between self-esteem and persuasibility is actually curvilinear, with people of moderate self-esteem being more easily persuaded than both those of high and low self-esteem levels (Rhodes & Woods, 1992). The mind frame and [[mood]] of the target also plays a role in this process.
+Emotion is a common component in [[persuasion]], [[social influence]], and [[attitude change]]. Much of attitude research emphasized the importance of affective or emotion components (Breckler & Wiggins, 1992). Emotion works hand-in-hand with the cognitive process, or the way we think, about an issue or situation. Emotional appeals are commonly found in advertising, health campaigns and political messages. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaign advertising emphasizing the fear of terrorism.
-# '''Source Characteristics''': The major source characteristics are [[Expert|expertise]], [[Trust (sociology)|trustworthiness]] and [[Attraction|attractiveness]]. The credibility of a perceived message has been found to be a key variable here (Hovland & Weiss, 1951); if one reads a report on health and believes it comes from a professional medical journal, one may be more easily persuaded than if one believes it is from a popular newspaper. Some psychologists have debated whether this is a long-lasting effect and Hovland and Weiss (1951) found the effect of telling people that a message came from a credible source disappeared after several weeks (the so-called "sleeper effect"). Whether there is a sleeper effect is controversial. Received wisdom is that if people are informed of the source of a message before hearing it, there is less likelihood of a sleeper effect than if they are told a message and then told its source.
-# '''Message Characteristics''': The nature of the message plays a role in persuasion. Sometimes presenting both sides of a story is useful to help change attitudes.
+{{Main|Emotion and attitude change}}
-# '''Cognitive Routes''': A message can appeal to an individual's cognitive evaluation to help change an attitude. In the ''central route'' to persuasion the individual is presented with the data and motivated to evaluate the data and arrive at an attitude changing conclusion. In the ''peripheral route'' to attitude change, the individual is encouraged to not look at the content but at the source. This is commonly seen in modern [[advertisement]]s that feature [[Celebrity|celebrities]]. In some cases, [[Physician|doctor]]s and experts are used. In other cases [[film]] stars are used for their attractiveness.
+==[[Attitude measurement]]==
+{{Main|Attitude measure}}
 == Attitude in the workplace ==
-When it comes to Human Resource Management and recruiting, in recent years [http://www.jobeq.com/articles/why_jobEQ.htm hire for attitude] became a well known mantra.  Several commercial tests such as the [http://www.labprofile.net LAB Profile], [http://www.jobEq.com/iwam.php iWAM] and PAPI were developed to measure work Attitude and motivation, e.g. for [http://www.jobeq.com/articles/pre-employment_testing.htm pre-employment testing].
+When it comes to Human Resource Management and recruiting, in recent years [http://www.jobeq.com/articles/why_jobEQ.htm hire for attitude] became a well known mantra.  Several commercial tests such as the [http://www.labprofile.net LAB Profile],
+Nowhere is your [http://www.dirjournal.com/guides/attitude/ positive attitude] more required and appreciated by others than your workplace. There are sound reasons for this: about 30% of an employee’s waking hours are spent at the workplace. Without some positive people around, this time could become troublesome.
+[http://www.jobEq.com/iwam.php iWAM] and PAPI were developed to measure work Attitude and motivation, e.g. for [http://www.jobeq.com/articles/pre-employment_testing.htm pre-employment testing]
+{{Main|Employee attitudes}}
+{{Main|Employer attitudes}}
+{{Main|Job applicant attitudes}}
+{{Main|Occupational attitudes}}
+==Researchers into attitudes ==
+* [[Icek Ajzen]]
+* [[Carl Hovland]]
+==Journals==
+==Attitudes amongst groups==
+*[[Adolescent attitudes]]
+*[[Adult attitudes]]
+*[[Child attitudes]]
+*[[Client attitudes]]
+*[[Consumer attitudes]]
+*[[Counsellor attitudes]]
+*[[Health personnel attitudes]]
+*[[Parental attitudes]]
+*[[Racial and ethnic attitudes]]
+*[[Student attitudes]]
+*[[Teacher attitudes]]
+==Attitudes towards groups==
+*[[Aged (atttitudes toward)|Aged (attitudes toward)]]
+*[[Disabled (attitudes toward]]
+==Attitudes towards concepts or behaviors==
+*[[Aging (attitudes towards)]]
+*[[Childrearing attitudes]]
+*[[Community attitudes]]
+*[[Computer attitudes]]
+*[[Death Attitudes]]
+*[[Doxastic attitudes]]
+*[[Drug usage attitudes]]
+*[[Eating attitudes]]
+*[[Environmental attitudes]]
+*[[Family planning attitudes]]
+*[[Health attitudes]]
+*[[Homosexuality (attitudes toward)]]
+*[[Marriage attitudes]]
+*[[Obesity (attitudes toward)]]
+*[[Physical illness (attitudes toward)]]
+*[[Political attitudes]]
+*[[Psychologist attitudes]]
+*[[Religious attitudes]]
+*[[Sex role attitudes]]
+*[[Sexual attitudes]]
+*[[Socioeconomic class attitudes]]
+*[[Work (attitudes toward)]]
-== References ==
-*[http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2004-10-12-mind-body_x.htm] From USA Today "Power of a super attitude"
 ==See also==
-{{sisterlinks|Attitude}}
 * [[Allophilia]]
+* [[Attitude similarity]]
+* [[Attribution]]
+* [[Cognitions]]
 * [[Cognitive dissonance]]
 * [[Elaboration likelihood model]]
+* [[Decision-making]]
-* [[Portal:thinking#Topics related to Thinking|List of thinking-related topics]]
+* [[Hedonism]]
+* [[Impression formation]]
+* [[Irrational beliefs]]
+* [[Labeling]]
+* [[List of thinking-related topics]]
+* [[Planned behavior]]
+* [[Prejudice]]
 * [[Propositional attitude]]
-* [[Social psychology]]
+* [[Public opinion]]
+* [[Religious beliefs]]
+* [[Stereotyped attitudes]]
+* [[Stigma]]
+* [[Superstitions]]
+* [[World view]]
+==References & Bibliography==
+==Key texts==
+===Books===
+===Papers===
+==Additional material==
+===Books===
+*Ajzen, I. (1988) Attitudes, Personality and Behaviour, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
+===Papers===
+*[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&num=50&scoring=d&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=Attitude Google Scholar]
+*Abelson, R.P. (1976) Script processing in attitude formation and decision making. In: J.S. Carroll and J.W. Payne (eds) Cognition and Social Behaviour, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
+*Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1977) Attitude-behaviour relationships: a theoretical analysis and review of empirical research, Psychological Bulletin 84: 888-918.
+*Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1980) Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
+*Ajzen, 1., Timko, C. and White, J.B. (1982) Self-monitoring and the attitude-behaviour relation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42: 426-35.
 [[Category:Cognition]]
 [[Category:Psychological attitude| ]]
-[[Category:Psychology]]
-[[Category:Sociology]]
-[[Category:Social philosophy]]
 [[Category:Social psychology]]
+{{enWP|Attitude (psychology)}}
-[[de:Einstellung (Psychologie)]]
-[[pl:Postawa]]
-[[ru:Установка (психология)]]
-[[fi:Myönteinen ajattelu]]