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(Created page with "{{CompPsy}} {{Taxobox | name = Apoidea | image = Bee PD foto explained1.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = ''Apis mellifera'', the Western Honeybee | regnum = [[Anim...")
 
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{{CompPsy}}
  
{{CompPsy}}
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{{Taxobox
  
{{Taxobox
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| name = Apoidea
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| name = Therians
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| fossil_range = Mid [[Jurassic]]-Recent, {{fossilrange|165|0}}
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| image = Bee PD foto explained1.jpg
  
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| image = Laitche-P013.jpg
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| image_width = 200px
  
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| image_caption = ''[[Apis mellifera]]'', the Western Honeybee
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| image_caption = A [[cat]] (''Felis catus'') with her [[kitten]]s
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
  
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| classis = [[Insect]]a
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| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
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| subclassis = '''Theria'''
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| ordo = [[Hymenoptera]]
  
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| subclassis_authority = [[Thomas Jeffery Parker|Parker]] & [[William A. Haswell|Haswell]], 1897 <ref>[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179916 ITIS Standard Report Page: Theria]</ref>
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| subordo = [[Apocrita]]
  
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Class (biology)|Infraclasses]]
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| superfamilia = '''Apoidea'''
  
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| subdivision_ranks = Series and families
  
 
| subdivision =
  
| subdivision =
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[[Spheciformes]]
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* [[Eutheria]]
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*[[Ampulicidae]]
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* [[Metatheria]]
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*[[Crabronidae]]
  
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*[[Heterogynaidae]]
  
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*[[Sphecidae]]
  
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[[Bee|Anthophila]]
  
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*[[Andrenidae]]
  
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*[[Apidae]]
  
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*[[Colletidae]]
  
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*[[Dasypodaidae]]
  
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*[[Halictidae]]
  
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*[[Megachilidae]]
  
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*[[Meganomiidae]]
  
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*[[Melittidae]]
  
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*[[Stenotritidae]]
  
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*Incertae sedis
  
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*[[extinct|†]][[Melittosphecidae]]
  
 
}}
  
}}
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'''Theria''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|θ|ɪər|i|ə}}; [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''θηρίον'', wild beast) is a [[Scientific classification|subclass]] of [[mammal]]s<ref>{{cite web | url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Theria.html | title=Subclass Theria | work=Animal Diversity Web | author=Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey}}</ref> that give birth to live young without using a shelled [[egg (biology)|egg]], including both [[eutheria]]ns (placental mammals) and [[metatheria]]ns ([[marsupial]]s and their ancestors). The only omitted extant mammal group is the egg-laying [[monotremes]].
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[[File:Kangaroo and joey03.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kangaroo]], a [[marsupial]], with her [[Joey_(marsupial)|joey]]]]
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== Taxonomy ==
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{{Main|Mammal classification}}
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The rank of 'Theria' may vary depending on the classification system used. The textbook classification system by Vaughan et al. (2000)<ref>Vaughan, Terry A., James M. Ryan, and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. 2000. ''Mammalogy: Fourth Edition''. Saunders College Publishing, 565 pp. ISBN 0-03-025034-X</ref> gives the following:
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{|
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|-
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|
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'''Class [[Mammal]]ia'''
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*'''Subclass Theria''': live-bearing mammals
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**Infraclass [[Metatheria]]: marsupials
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**Infraclass [[Eutheria]]: placentals
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|}
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In the above system Theria is a subclass. Alternatively, in the system proposed by
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McKenna and Bell (1997)<ref>McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. ''Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.'' Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 0-231-11013-8</ref> it is ranked as a supercohort under the subclass Theriiformes:
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{|
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|-
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|
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'''Class [[Mammal]]ia'''
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*Subclass Theriiformes: live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives
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**Infraclass [[Holotheria]]: modern live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives
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***Legion [[Cladotheria]]
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****Sublegion [[Zatheria]]
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*****Infralegion [[Tribosphenida]]
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******'''Supercohort Theria''': therian mammals
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*******Cohort [[Marsupialia]]: marsupials
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*******Cohort [[Placentalia]]: placentals
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|}
   
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Another classification proposed by Luo et al. (2002)<ref>Luo, Z.-X., Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, and R. L. Cifelli. 2002. In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47:1-78.</ref> does not assign any rank to the taxonomic levels, but uses a purely [[Cladistics|cladistic]] system instead.
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The [[superfamily (zoology)|superfamily]] '''Apoidea''' is a major group within the [[Hymenoptera]], which includes two traditionally-recognized lineages, the "[[sphecidae|sphecoid]]" [[wasp]]s, and the [[bee]]s, who appear to be their descendants.
  
   
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== Nomenclature ==
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== References ==
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<references/>
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Bees appear in recent classifications to be a specialized lineage of [[Crabronidae|crabronid]] wasps that switched to the use of [[pollen]] and [[nectar]] as [[larva]]l food, rather than [[insect]] prey; this presumably makes Crabronidae a [[paraphyletic]] group. Accordingly, bees and sphecoids are now all grouped together in a single superfamily, and the older available name is "Apoidea" rather than "[[Sphecoidea]]" (which, like [[Spheciformes]], has been used in the past, but also defined a [[paraphyletic]] group and has been abandoned).
  
   
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== See also ==
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As the bees themselves (not including their wasp ancestors) are still considered a [[monophyletic]] group, it is still convenient to use a grouping between superfamily and family to unify all bees. A few recent classifications have addressed this problem by lumping all bee families together into a single large family [[Apidae]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, though this has not met with widespread acceptance. The alternative classification in more common use is to unite all bees under the name [[Bee|Anthophila]] (Engel, 2005), which is equivalent to the obsolete name [[Apiformes]] (which meant ''bee-like forms'' in [[Latin]]).
  
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*[[Marsupialia|marsupials]]
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*[[monotremes]]
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*[[Placentalia|placental mammals]]
   
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==References==
  
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*[[Michael S. Engel|Engel, M.S.]] (2005). Family-group names for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). ''American Museum Novitates'' 3476: 1-33.
  
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*{{cite book|author=[[David Grimaldi|Grimaldi, D.]] and [[Michael S. Engel|Engel, M.S.]] |title=Evolution of the Insects|year=2005|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-82149-5}}
  
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*[[Charles D. Michener|Michener, C.D.]] (2000). ''The Bees of the World''. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  
   
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{{Mammals}}
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==External links==
  
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{{commonscat-inline}}
  
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* [http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Apoidea All Living Things] Images, identification guides, and maps of Apoidea.
  
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* [http://www.earthlife.net/insects/solbees.html Solitary Bees] Popular introduction to the Hymenoptera Apoidea.
  
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* [http://www.bombus.it/pdf/fiori_e_api/fiori_e_api.pdf Fiori e Api d'Albore and Intoppa] Flower visiting bees in Europe pdf. In Italian but excellent table with Latin names.
  
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* [http://bugguide.net/node/view/475348 Native Bees of North America]
  
   
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[[Category:Apoidea| ]]
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[[Category:Mammals]]
   
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{{mammal-stub}}
   
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Revision as of 19:04, 27 October 2011

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?Therians
Fossil range: Mid Jurassic-Recent, Template:Fossilrange
A cat (Felis catus) with her kittens
A cat (Felis catus) with her kittens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Subclass: Theria
Parker & Haswell, 1897 [1]
Infraclasses

Theria (File:Loudspeaker.svg /ˈθɪəriə/; Greek: θηρίον, wild beast) is a subclass of mammals[2] that give birth to live young without using a shelled egg, including both eutherians (placental mammals) and metatherians (marsupials and their ancestors). The only omitted extant mammal group is the egg-laying monotremes.

File:Kangaroo and joey03.jpg

Kangaroo, a marsupial, with her joey

Taxonomy

Main article: Mammal classification

The rank of 'Theria' may vary depending on the classification system used. The textbook classification system by Vaughan et al. (2000)[3] gives the following:

Class Mammalia

  • Subclass Theria: live-bearing mammals
    • Infraclass Metatheria: marsupials
    • Infraclass Eutheria: placentals

In the above system Theria is a subclass. Alternatively, in the system proposed by McKenna and Bell (1997)[4] it is ranked as a supercohort under the subclass Theriiformes:

Class Mammalia

  • Subclass Theriiformes: live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives
    • Infraclass Holotheria: modern live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives
      • Legion Cladotheria
        • Sublegion Zatheria
          • Infralegion Tribosphenida
            • Supercohort Theria: therian mammals
              • Cohort Marsupialia: marsupials
              • Cohort Placentalia: placentals

Another classification proposed by Luo et al. (2002)[5] does not assign any rank to the taxonomic levels, but uses a purely cladistic system instead.

References

  1. ↑ ITIS Standard Report Page: Theria
  2. ↑ Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. Subclass Theria. Animal Diversity Web.
  3. ↑ Vaughan, Terry A., James M. Ryan, and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy: Fourth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, 565 pp. ISBN 0-03-025034-X
  4. ↑ McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
  5. ↑ Luo, Z.-X., Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, and R. L. Cifelli. 2002. In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47:1-78.

See also


v·d·e
Extant mammal orders by infraclass
Australosphenida

Monotremata

Metatheria

Didelphimorphia · Paucituberculata · Microbiotheria · Notoryctemorphia · Dasyuromorphia · Peramelemorphia · Diprotodontia

Eutheria

Afrosoricida · Macroscelidea · Tubulidentata · Hyracoidea · Proboscidea · Sirenia · Cingulata · Pilosa · Scandentia · Dermoptera · Primates · Rodentia · Lagomorpha · Erinaceomorpha · Soricomorpha · Chiroptera · Pholidota · Carnivora · Perissodactyla · Artiodactyla · Cetacea

Template:Mammal-stub

be-x-old:Зьвяры bg:Живородни бозайници ca:Teri de:Theria es:Theria eo:Vivonaskuloj eu:Terio fr:Thériens gl:Theria ko:수아강 hr:Theria la:Theria lv:Dzemdētājzīdītāji lij:Theria hu:Elevenszülő emlősök mk:Живородни цицачи nl:Theriiformes oc:Theria pt:Theria ru:Звери simple:Theria fi:Theria sv:Theria th:เธอเรีย uk:Звірі zh:獸亞綱

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