An '''anxiogenic''' substance is one that causes [[anxiety]]. Anxiogenic effects can be measured by, for example, the [[hole-board]] test in rats and mice.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Takeda, H and Tsuji, M and Matsumiya, T | title=Changes in head-dipping behavior in the hole-board test reflect the anxiogenic and/or anxiolytic state in mice | journal=European Journal of Pharmacology | year=1998 | volume=350 | issue=1 | pages= 21–29 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9683010&dopt=Citation }}</ref>. [[Yohimbine]] isananxiogenic, usedclinicallytoproduceanxiety in experimental subjects.
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An '''anxiogenic''' substance is one that causes [[anxiety]]. Anxiogenic effects can be measured by, for example, the [[hole-board test]] in rats and mice.<ref name="pmid9683010">{{cite journal | author=Takeda H, Tsuji M, Matsumiya T | title=Changes in head-dipping behavior in the hole-board test reflect the anxiogenic and/or anxiolytic state in mice | journal=European Journal of Pharmacology | volume=350 | issue=1 | pages= 21–9 | year = 1998 | month = May | pmid = 9683010 | doi = | url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014-2999(98)00223-4}}</ref> A number of agents are used to provoke anxiety (anxiogens) or panic (panicogens) in experimental models. Some of the most common substances are: [[sodium lactate]],[[carbondioxide]](as [[carbogen]]), [[L-DOPA]],[[caffeine]],[[modafinil]],[[GABAantagonist]]s such as [[DMCM]], [[FG-7142]] and [[ZK-93426]], [[serotonergic]] agents such as [[1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine|mCPP]] and [[LY-293,284]], [[adrenergic agents]] such as [[yohimbine]], [[antipsychotics]]/[[dopamine antagonist]]s such as [[ecopipam]] and [[reserpine]], and [[cholecystokinin]] (CCK) (especially the tetrapeptide and octapeptide fragments [[CCK-4]] and [[CCK-8]]). Studies have shown that 10 mL/kg of 0.5 [[mole (unit)|molar]] sodium lactate infused intravenously over a 20-minute period will provoke a [[panic attack]] in most patients with panic disorder but not healthy [[scientific control|control]] subjects.<ref name="HollanderSimeon2003">{{cite book | author1 = Eric Hollander | author2 = Daphne Simeon | title = Concise Guide to Anxiety Disorders | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qlXxu9D39xcC&pg=RA1-PA83 | accessdate = 13 May 2012 | year = 2003 | publisher = American Psychiatric Pub | isbn = 978-1-58562-080-7 | page = 1}}</ref>
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[[Anxiolytic]] substanceshave the opposite effect:theyreduceanxiety.
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[[Antibiotics]] drugssuch as [[fluoroquinolones]] can cause from short-term to long-term [[anxiety disorders|anxiety and panic disorders]] as a side effect. This is due to a possible antagonism of the [[GABAA receptor|GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor]] and toxicity of the [[central nervous system]]. This effect ispotentiatedwith the combined use of [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s.
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The GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor [[negative allosteric modulator]] [[flumazenil]] can cause panic attacks in patients with panic disorder.
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[[Anxiolytic]] substances have the opposite effect: they reduce anxiety. The most common class of anxiolytic drugs are the [[benzodiazepines]].
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