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Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
- Main article: Antitremor drugs
An antiparkinsonian drug (or antiparkinson or antiparkinsonian) is a type of antitremor drug which is intended to treat and relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) or Parkinsonism.
Most of these agents act by either increasing dopamine activity or reducing acetylcholine activity in the central nervous system (CNS).
Examples[]
- L-DOPA (Levodopa) & Carbidopa: L-DOPA enters the brain and is converted into dopamine; Carbidopa prevents the peripheral synthesis of dopamine from L-DOPA to prevent undesirable sympathomimetic side effects.
- Selegiline, Rasagiline: prevent the metabolism of dopamine by MAOB and hence increase its brain levels.
- Entacapone, Tolcapone: prevent the metabolism of dopamine by COMT and hence increase its brain levels.
- Apomorphine, Bromocriptine, Pramipexole, Ropinirole, Rotigotine: dopamine receptor agonists which directly increase the activity of the dopamine system.
- Anticholinergics - Antimuscarinics (e.g., Benzatropine): to prevent hyperkinesia.
Experimental models[]
Oxotremorine produces ataxia, tremor and spasticity, similar to those symptoms seen in Parkinsonism, and has thus become a research tool in experimental studies aimed at determining more effective anti-Parkinsonian drugs.[1]
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ Craig, C. R.; Stitzel, R. E. (2004). Modern Pharmacology, Boston: Little, Brown.
Pharmacology: major drug groups | |
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Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism (A) |
stomach acid (Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors) • Antiemetics • Laxatives • Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives • Anti-obesity drugs • Anti-diabetics • Vitamins • Dietary minerals |
Blood and blood forming organs (B) |
Antithrombotics (Antiplatelets, Anticoagulants, Thrombolytics/fibrinolytics) • Antihemorrhagics (Platelets, Coagulants, Antifibrinolytics) |
Cardiovascular system (C) |
cardiac therapy/antianginals (Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulants) Antihypertensives • Diuretics • Vasodilators • Beta blockers • Calcium channel blockers • renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors) Antihyperlipidemics (Statins, Fibrates, Bile acid sequestrants) |
Skin (D) |
Emollients • Cicatrizants • Antipruritics • Antipsoriatics • Medicated dressings |
Genitourinary system (G) |
Hormonal contraception • Fertility agents • SERMs • Sex hormones |
Endocrine system (H) |
Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones • Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids) • Sex hormones • Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agents |
Infections and infestations (J, P, QI) |
Antimicrobials: Antibacterials (Antimycobacterials) • Antifungals • Antivirals • Antiparasitics (Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics, Ectoparasiticides) • IVIG • Vaccines |
Malignant disease (L01-L02) |
Anticancer agents (Antimetabolites, Alkylating, Spindle poisons, Antineoplastic, Topoisomerase inhibitors) |
Immune disease (L03-L04) |
Immunomodulators (Immunostimulants, Immunosuppressants) |
Muscles, bones, and joints (M) |
Anabolic steroids • Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) • Antirheumatics • Corticosteroids • Muscle relaxants • Bisphosphonates |
Brain and nervous system (N) |
Analgesics • Anesthetics (General, Local) • Anorectics • Anti-ADHD Agents • Antiaddictives • Anticonvulsants • Antidementia Agents • Antidepressants • Antimigraine Agents • Antiparkinson's Agents • Antipsychotics • Anxiolytics • Depressants • Entactogens • Entheogens • Euphoriants • Hallucinogens (Psychedelics, Dissociatives, Deliriants) • Hypnotics/Sedatives • Mood Stabilizers • Neuroprotectives • Nootropics • Neurotoxins • Orexigenics • Serenics • Stimulants • Wakefulness-Promoting Agents |
Respiratory system (R) |
Decongestants • Bronchodilators • Cough medicines • H1 antagonists |
Sensory organs (S) | |
Other ATC (V) |
Antidotes • Contrast media • Radiopharmaceuticals • Dressings |
Antiparkinson agents (N04) | |||||||||||||
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Dopaminergics |
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Anticholinergics |
Benzatropine • Biperiden# • Bornaprine • Chlorphenoxamine • Cyrimine • Dexetimide • Dimenhydrinate • Diphenhydramine • Etanautine • Etybenzatropine • Mazaticol • Metixene • Orphenadrine • Phenglutarimide • Piroheptine • Procyclidine • Profenamine • Trihexyphenidyl • Tropatepine | ||||||||||||
Others |
Amantadine • Budipine • Memantine • Rimantadine | ||||||||||||
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