Changes: Anomic aphasia

Anomic aphasia
	Classification and external resources
	Template:Px; Diffusion tensor imaging image of the brain showing the right and left arcuate fasciculus (Raf & Laf). Also shown are the right and left superior longitudinal fasciculus (Rslf & Lslf), and tapetum of corpus callosum (Ta). Damage to the Laf is known to cause anomic aphasia.
ICD-9	784.3 784.69
MeSH	D000849

Latest revision as of 00:31, 15 September 2012

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Main article: Aphasia

Anomic aphasia, also known as dysnomia, nominal aphasia, and amnesic aphasia; is a severe problem with recalling words or names.

Overview

Anomic aphasia (anomia) is a type of aphasia characterized by problems recalling words or names. Subjects often use circumlocutions (speaking in a roundabout way) in order to express a certain word for which they cannot remember the name. Sometimes the subject can recall the name when given clues. In addition, patients are able to speak with correct grammar; the main problem is finding the appropriate word to identify an object or person.

Sometimes subjects may know what to do with an object, but still not be able to give a name to the object. For example, if a subject is shown an orange and asked what it is called, the subject may be well aware that the object can be peeled and eaten, and may even be able to demonstrate this by actions or even verbal responses – however, they can not recall that the object is called an "orange."

Sometimes, when a person with a condition is fully bilingual, in trying to find the right word he might confuse the language he speaks.

Types of Anomic Aphasia

Color anomia, where the patient can distinguish between colors but cannot identify them by name or name the color of an object.^[1] They can separate colors into categories, but they cannot name them.

Causes

Anomia is caused by damage to various parts of the parietal lobe or the temporal lobe of the brain. This damage can be brain trauma, such as an accident, stroke, or tumor. This type of phenomenon can be quite complex, and usually involves a breakdown in one or more pathways between various regions in the brain.

Although the main causes are not specifically known, many researchers have found contributing factors to anomic aphasia. It is known that people with damage to the left hemisphere of the brain are more likely to have anomic aphasia. Broca’s area, the speech production center in the brain, was linked to being the source for speech execution problems, and with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Broca’s area was connected with speech repetition problems, which is commonly used to study anomic patients.^[2] Other experts believe that damage to Wernicke's area, which is the speech comprehension area of the brain, is connected to anomia because the patients cannot comprehend the words that they are hearing.^[3]

Although many experts have believed that damage to Broca’s area or Wernicke's area are the main causes of anomia, current studies have shown that damage in the left parietal lobe is the epicenter of anomic aphasia^[4] One study was conducted using a word repetition test as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in order to see the highest level of activity as well as where the lesions are in the brain tissue.^[4] Fridrikkson, et al. saw that damage to neither Broca’s area nor Wernicke's area were the sole sources of anomia in the subjects. Therefore, the original model, which showed that damage occurred on the surface of the brain on the grey matter for anomia, was debunked and it was found that the damage was done in the white matter deeper in the brain on the left hemisphere.^[4] More specifically, the damage was done to a part of the nerve tract called the arcuate fasciculus, which the mechanism of action is unknown but it is shown to connect the posterior (back) of the brain to the anterior (front) and vice versa.^[5]

New data has shown that although the arcuate fasciculus’s main function does not include connecting Wernicke's area and Broca’s area, damage to the tract does create speech problems because the speech comprehension and speech production areas are connected by this tract.^[4] Some studies have found that in right-handed people the language center is 99% in the left hemisphere; therefore, anomic aphasia almost exclusively occurs with damage to the left hemisphere. However, in left-handed people the language center is about 60% in the left hemisphere; thus, anomic aphasia can occur with damage to the right hemisphere in left-handed people. Therefore, the specific cause of anomia is unknown; however, research is bringing the answer into focus.

Diagnosis

The best way to see if anomic aphasia has developed is by using verbal as well as imaging tests. The combination of the two tests seem to be most effective. Either test done alone will give false positives or false negatives. For example, the verbal test is used to see if there is a speech disorder and whether it is a problem in speech production or comprehension. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease have speech problems that are linked to dementia or progressive aphasias which can include anomia.^[6]^[7] The imaging test, mostly MRI, is ideal for lesion mapping or viewing deterioration in the brain. However, imaging cannot diagnose anomia on its own because the lesions may not be located deep enough to damage the white matter or damaging the arcuate fasciculus. However, anomic aphasia is the most difficult to associate with a specific lesion location in the brain. Therefore the combination of speech tests and imaging tests has the highest sensitivity and specificity.^[8]

However, it is also important to do a hearing test in case that the patient cannot hear the words or sentences needed in the speech repetition test.^[9] In the speech tests, the person is asked to repeat a sentence with common words and if the person cannot identify the word but he or she can describe it then the person is highly likely to have anomic aphasia. However, to be completely sure, the test is given as a person is in an MRI and the exact location of the lesions and areas activated by speech are pinpointed.^[4] Although no simpler or cheaper option is available as of now, lesion mapping and speech repetition tests are the main ways of diagnosing anomic aphasia.

Management

Unfortunately, there is no method available to completely cure the anomic aphasia. However, there are treatments that help improve word-finding skills. Although a person with anomia may find it difficult to recall many types of words such as common nouns, proper nouns, verbs, etc., many studies have shown that treatment for object words, or nouns, have shown promise in rehabilitation research.^[9] The treatment includes visual aid, such as pictures, and the patient is asked to identify the object or activity. However, if that is not possible, then the patient is shown the same picture surrounded by words associated with the object or activity.^[10]^[11] Throughout the process positive encouragement is provided. The treatment shows an increase in word-finding during treatment; however, word identifying decreased two weeks after the rehabilitation period.^[9] Therefore, it shows that rehabilitation needs to be continuous for word-finding abilities to improve from the baseline. The studies show that verbs are harder to recall or repeat even with rehabilitation.^[9]^[12]

Life with Anomic Aphasia

This disorder may be extremely frustrating for people with and without the disorder. Although the person with anomic aphasia may know the specific word, they may not be able to recall it and this can be very difficult for everyone in the conversation. However, it is important to be patient and work with the person so that he or she gains confidence with his or her speech. Positive reinforcements are helpful.^[9]

Although there are not many literary cases about anomic aphasia, there are many books out there about life with aphasia. One of the most notable books on aphasia is The Man Who Lost His Language by Sheila Hale. It is the story of Sheila Hale’s husband, John Hale, who was a very prestigious scholar who suffered a stroke and lost speech formation abilities. Sheila Hale does a great job explaining the symptoms and mechanics behind aphasia and speech formation. She also adds in the emotional components of dealing with a person with aphasia and how to be patient with the speech and communication.

References

↑ (1986). Color anomia: Clinical, developmental, and neuropathological issues. Developmental Neuropsychology 2 (2): 101–112.
↑ Fridriksson J, Moser D, Ryalls J, Bonilha L, Rorden C, Baylis G (June 2009). Modulation of frontal lobe speech areas associated with the production and perception of speech movements. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 52 (3): 812–9.
↑ Hamilton AC, Martin RC, Burton PC (December 2009). Converging functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a role of the left inferior frontal lobe in semantic retention during language comprehension. Cogn Neuropsychol 26 (8): 685–704.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Fridriksson J, Kjartansson O, Morgan PS, et al. (August 2010). Impaired speech repetition and left parietal lobe damage. J. Neurosci. 30 (33): 11057–61.
↑ Anderson JM, Gilmore R, Roper S, et al. (October 1999). Conduction aphasia and the arcuate fasciculus: A reexamination of the Wernicke-Geschwind model. Brain Lang 70 (1): 1–12.
↑ Rohrer JD, Knight WD, Warren JE, Fox NC, Rossor MN, Warren JD (January 2008). Word-finding difficulty: a clinical analysis of the progressive aphasias. Brain 131 (Pt 1): 8–38.
↑ Harciarek M, Kertesz A (September 2011). Primary progressive aphasias and their contribution to the contemporary knowledge about the brain-language relationship. Neuropsychol Rev 21 (3): 271–87.
↑ Healy EW, Moser DC, Morrow-Odom KL, Hall DA, Fridriksson J (April 2007). Speech perception in MRI scanner noise by persons with aphasia. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 50 (2): 323–34.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Wambaugh JL, Ferguson M (2007). Application of semantic feature analysis to retrieval of action names in aphasia. J Rehabil Res Dev 44 (3): 381–94.
↑ (2000). Semantic feature analysis as a treatment for aphasic dysnomia: A replication. Aphasiology 14 (2): 133–142.
↑ Maher LM, Raymer AM (2004). Management of anomia. Top Stroke Rehabil 11 (1): 10–21.
↑ Mätzig S, Druks J, Masterson J, Vigliocco G (June 2009). Noun and verb differences in picture naming: past studies and new evidence. Cortex 45 (6): 738–58.

External links

J. Fridrikkson website

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

[Mattocks_Hynd_1986-1] (1986). Color anomia: Clinical, developmental, and neuropathological issues. Developmental Neuropsychology 2 (2): 101–112.

[Fridriksson,_2009-2] Fridriksson J, Moser D, Ryalls J, Bonilha L, Rorden C, Baylis G (June 2009). Modulation of frontal lobe speech areas associated with the production and perception of speech movements. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 52 (3): 812–9.

[Hamilton,_2010-3] Hamilton AC, Martin RC, Burton PC (December 2009). Converging functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a role of the left inferior frontal lobe in semantic retention during language comprehension. Cogn Neuropsychol 26 (8): 685–704.

[Fridriksson,_2010-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Fridriksson J, Kjartansson O, Morgan PS, et al. (August 2010). Impaired speech repetition and left parietal lobe damage. J. Neurosci. 30 (33): 11057–61.

[Anderson,_1999-5] Anderson JM, Gilmore R, Roper S, et al. (October 1999). Conduction aphasia and the arcuate fasciculus: A reexamination of the Wernicke-Geschwind model. Brain Lang 70 (1): 1–12.

[Rohrer,_2008-6] Rohrer JD, Knight WD, Warren JE, Fox NC, Rossor MN, Warren JD (January 2008). Word-finding difficulty: a clinical analysis of the progressive aphasias. Brain 131 (Pt 1): 8–38.

[7] Harciarek M, Kertesz A (September 2011). Primary progressive aphasias and their contribution to the contemporary knowledge about the brain-language relationship. Neuropsychol Rev 21 (3): 271–87.

[Healy,_2007-8] Healy EW, Moser DC, Morrow-Odom KL, Hall DA, Fridriksson J (April 2007). Speech perception in MRI scanner noise by persons with aphasia. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 50 (2): 323–34.

[Wambaugh,_2007-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Wambaugh JL, Ferguson M (2007). Application of semantic feature analysis to retrieval of action names in aphasia. J Rehabil Res Dev 44 (3): 381–94.

[Coelho_2000-10] (2000). Semantic feature analysis as a treatment for aphasic dysnomia: A replication. Aphasiology 14 (2): 133–142.

[Maher,_2004-11] Maher LM, Raymer AM (2004). Management of anomia. Top Stroke Rehabil 11 (1): 10–21.

[Mätzig_20098-12] Mätzig S, Druks J, Masterson J, Vigliocco G (June 2009). Noun and verb differences in picture naming: past studies and new evidence. Cortex 45 (6): 738–58.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{ClinPsy}}
+{{Main|Aphasia}}
-'''Nominal aphasia''' (also known as '''anomia''', '''anomic aphasia''' or '''amnesic aphasia''') is a form of [[aphasia]] (loss of language capability caused by [[brain damage]]) in which the subject has difficulty remembering or recognizing names which the subject should know well.  The subject speaks fluently, grammatically, has normal comprehension, and the only deficit is trouble with "word finding," that is, finding appropriate words for what they mean to say.
+{{Infobox disease
+ | Name            = Anomic aphasia
+ | Image           = DTI_Brain_Tractographic_Image_A_panal.jpg
+ | Caption         = [[Diffusion tensor imaging]] image of the brain showing the right and left '''arcuate fasciculus''' ('''Raf''' & '''Laf'''). Also shown are the right and left [[superior longitudinal fasciculus]] (Rslf & Lslf), and [[tapetum of corpus callosum]] (Ta). Damage to the Laf is known to cause anomic aphasia.
+ | DiseasesDB      =
+ | ICD10           =
+ | ICD9            = {{ICD9|784.3}} {{ICD9|784.69}}
+ | ICDO            =
+ | OMIM            =
+ | MedlinePlus     =
+ | eMedicineSubj   =
+ | eMedicineTopic  =
+ | MeshID          = D000849
+}}
+'''Anomic aphasia''', also known as dysnomia, nominal aphasia, and amnesic aphasia; is a severe problem with recalling words or names.
+== Overview ==
-Subjects often use circumlocutions (speaking in a roundabout way) in order to express a certain word for which they cannot remember the name.  Sometimes the subject can recall the name when given clues. Sufferers are often frustrated when they know they know the name, but cannot produce it.
+Anomic aphasia (anomia) is a type of [[aphasia]] characterized by problems recalling words or names. Subjects often use [[circumlocution]]s (speaking in a roundabout way) in order to express a certain word for which they cannot remember the name.  Sometimes the subject can recall the name when given clues. In addition, patients are able to speak with correct grammar; the main problem is finding the appropriate word to identify an object or person.
+Sometimes subjects may know what to do with an object, but still not be able to give a name to the object. For example, if a subject is shown an orange and asked what it is called, the subject may be well aware that the object can be peeled and eaten, and may even be able to demonstrate this by actions or even verbal responses – however, they can not recall that the object is called an "orange."
-"Hold on, I should know the name of that thing... Give me a minute ..."
+Sometimes, when a person with a condition is fully bilingual, in trying to find the right word he might confuse the language he speaks.
-Sometimes subjects may know what to do with an object, but still not be able to give a name to the object. For example, show a subject an orange, and ask what it's called. The same subject may be well aware that the object can be peeled and eaten, and may be able to demonstrate this by actions or even verbal responses.  Whether such a subject could name the ''color'' of the orange is unknown. So it is clear that [[lexical selection]] is impaired
+== Types of Anomic Aphasia ==
+'''Color anomia''', where the patient can distinguish between colors but cannot identify them by name or name the color of an object.<ref name="Mattocks Hynd 1986">{{cite journal|last1=Mattocks|first1=Linda|last2=Hynd|first2=George W.|title=Color anomia: Clinical, developmental, and neuropathological issues|journal=Developmental Neuropsychology|volume=2|issue=2|year=1986|pages=101–112|issn=8756-5641|doi=10.1080/87565648609540333}}</ref> They can separate colors into categories, but they cannot name them.
-==Neurological causes==
+== Causes ==
-Anomia is caused by damage to various parts of the [[parietal lobe]] or the [[temporal lobe]],  of the brain. In particular lesions to the [[angular gyrus]] have been implicated.
+Anomia is caused by damage to various parts of the [[parietal lobe]] or the [[temporal lobe]] of the [[brain]]. This damage can be brain trauma, such as an accident, [[stroke]], or [[tumor]]. This type of phenomenon can be quite complex, and usually involves a breakdown in one or more pathways between various regions in the brain.
+Although the main causes are not specifically known, many researchers have found contributing factors to anomic aphasia. It is known that people with damage to the left hemisphere of the brain are more likely to have anomic aphasia. [[Broca’s area]], the speech production center in the brain, was linked to being the source for speech execution problems, and with the use of [[functional magnetic resonance imaging]] (fMRI), Broca’s area was connected with speech repetition problems, which is commonly used to study anomic patients.<ref name="Fridriksson, 2009">{{cite journal |author=Fridriksson J, Moser D, Ryalls J, Bonilha L, Rorden C, Baylis G |title=Modulation of frontal lobe speech areas associated with the production and perception of speech movements |journal=J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=812–9 |year=2009 |month=June |pmid=18978212 |pmc=2693218 |doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2008/06-0197) |url=}}</ref> Other experts believe that damage to [[Wernicke's area]], which is the speech comprehension area of the brain, is connected to anomia because the patients cannot comprehend the words that they are hearing.<ref name="Hamilton, 2010">{{cite journal |author=Hamilton AC, Martin RC, Burton PC |title=Converging functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a role of the left inferior frontal lobe in semantic retention during language comprehension |journal=Cogn Neuropsychol |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=685–704 |year=2009 |month=December |pmid=20401770 |doi=10.1080/02643291003665688 |url=}}</ref>
-This type of phenomenon can be quite complex, and usually involves a breakdown in one or more pathways between regions in the brain. The responses may also differ depending on whether objects are shown in the right or left hand side of the visual field.
+Although many experts have believed that damage to [[Broca’s area]] or [[Wernicke's area]] are the main causes of anomia, current studies have shown that damage in the left [[parietal lobe]] is the epicenter of anomic aphasia<ref name="Fridriksson, 2010">{{cite journal |author=Fridriksson J, Kjartansson O, Morgan PS, ''et al.'' |title=Impaired speech repetition and left parietal lobe damage |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=30 |issue=33 |pages=11057–61 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20720112 |pmc=2936270 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1120-10.2010 |url=}}</ref> One study was conducted using a word repetition test as well as [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) in order to see the highest level of activity as well as where the lesions are in the [[brain tissue]].<ref name="Fridriksson, 2010"/> Fridrikkson, et al. saw that damage to neither [[Broca’s area]] nor [[Wernicke's area]] were the sole sources of anomia in the subjects. Therefore, the original model, which showed that damage occurred on the surface of the brain on the [[grey matter]] for anomia, was debunked and it was found that the damage was done in the [[white matter]] deeper in the brain on the left hemisphere.<ref name="Fridriksson, 2010"/> More specifically, the damage was done to a part of the nerve tract called the [[arcuate fasciculus]], which the mechanism of action is unknown but it is shown to connect the posterior (back) of the brain to the anterior (front) and vice versa.<ref name="Anderson, 1999">{{cite journal |author=Anderson JM, Gilmore R, Roper S, ''et al.'' |title=Conduction aphasia and the arcuate fasciculus: A reexamination of the Wernicke-Geschwind model |journal=Brain Lang |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |year=1999 |month=October |pmid=10534369 |doi=10.1006/brln.1999.2135 |url=}}</ref>
-'''Averbia''' is a specific type of anomia in which the subject has trouble remembering only verbs.  This is caused by damage to the frontal cortex, in or near [[Broca's area]].
+New data has shown that although the [[arcuate fasciculus]]’s main function does not include connecting [[Wernicke's area]] and [[Broca’s area]], damage to the tract does create speech problems because the speech comprehension and speech production areas are connected by this tract.<ref name="Fridriksson, 2010"/> Some studies have found that in right-handed people the language center is 99% in the left hemisphere; therefore, anomic aphasia almost exclusively occurs with damage to the left hemisphere. However, in left-handed people the language center is about 60% in the left hemisphere; thus, anomic aphasia can occur with damage to the right hemisphere in left-handed people. Therefore, the specific cause of anomia is unknown; however, research is bringing the answer into focus.
-Another type of anomia is '''color anomia''', where the patient can distinguish between colors but cannot identify them by name. [http://nanonline.org/nandistance/mtbi/ClinNeuro/agnosia.html]
-==See also==
+== Diagnosis ==
+The best way to see if anomic aphasia has developed is by using verbal as well as imaging tests. The combination of the two tests seem to be most effective. Either test done alone will give false positives or false negatives. For example, the verbal test is used to see if there is a speech disorder and whether it is a problem in speech production or comprehension.  Patients with [[Alzheimer’s disease]] have speech problems that are linked to [[dementia]] or [[progressive aphasia]]s which can include anomia.<ref name="Rohrer, 2008">{{cite journal |author=Rohrer JD, Knight WD, Warren JE, Fox NC, Rossor MN, Warren JD |title=Word-finding difficulty: a clinical analysis of the progressive aphasias |journal=Brain |volume=131 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=8–38 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=17947337 |pmc=2373641 |doi=10.1093/brain/awm251 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Harciarek M, Kertesz A |title=Primary progressive aphasias and their contribution to the contemporary knowledge about the brain-language relationship |journal=Neuropsychol Rev |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=271–87 |year=2011 |month=September |pmid=21809067 |pmc=3158975 |doi=10.1007/s11065-011-9175-9 |url=}}</ref> The imaging test, mostly MRI, is ideal for lesion mapping or viewing deterioration in the brain. However, imaging cannot diagnose anomia on its own because the lesions may not be located deep enough to damage the white matter or damaging the arcuate fasciculus. However, anomic aphasia is the most difficult to associate with a specific lesion location in the brain. Therefore the combination of speech tests and imaging tests has the highest [[sensitivity and specificity]].<ref name="Healy, 2007">{{cite journal |author=Healy EW, Moser DC, Morrow-Odom KL, Hall DA, Fridriksson J |title=Speech perception in MRI scanner noise by persons with aphasia |journal=J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=323–34 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17463232 |doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2007/023) |url=}}</ref>
-* [[Broca's aphasia]]
-* [[Wernicke's aphasia]]
+However, it is also important to do a hearing test in case that the patient cannot hear the words or sentences needed in the speech repetition test.<ref name="Wambaugh, 2007">{{cite journal |author=Wambaugh JL, Ferguson M |title=Application of semantic feature analysis to retrieval of action names in aphasia |journal=J Rehabil Res Dev |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=381–94 |year=2007 |pmid=18247235 |doi=10.1682/JRRD.2006.05.0038  |url=}}</ref> In the speech tests, the person is asked to repeat a sentence with common words and if the person cannot identify the word but he or she can describe it then the person is highly likely to have anomic aphasia. However, to be completely sure, the test is given as a person is in an MRI and the exact location of the lesions and areas activated by speech are pinpointed.<ref name="Fridriksson, 2010"/> Although no simpler or cheaper option is available as of now, lesion mapping and speech repetition tests are the main ways of diagnosing anomic aphasia.
+== Management ==
-==References & Bibliography==
+Unfortunately, there is no method available to completely cure the anomic aphasia. However, there are treatments that help improve word-finding skills. Although a person with anomia may find it difficult to recall many types of words such as common [[nouns]], [[proper nouns]], [[verbs]], etc., many studies have shown that treatment for object words, or nouns, have shown promise in rehabilitation research.<ref name="Wambaugh, 2007"/> The treatment includes visual aid, such as pictures, and the patient is asked to identify the object or activity. However, if that is not possible, then the patient is shown the same picture surrounded by words associated with the object or activity.<ref name= "Coelho 2000">{{cite journal|last1=Coelho|first1=Carl A.|last2=McHugh|first2=Regina E.|last3=Boyle|first3=Mary|title=Semantic feature analysis as a treatment for aphasic dysnomia: A replication | journal=Aphasiology |volume=14|issue=2 |year=2000 |pages=133–142|issn=0268-7038|doi=10.1080/026870300401513}}</ref><ref name= "Maher, 2004">{{cite journal |author=Maher LM, Raymer AM |title=Management of anomia |journal=Top Stroke Rehabil |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=10–21 |year=2004 |pmid=14872396 |doi=10.1310/318R-RMD5-055J-PQ40 |url=}}</ref> Throughout the process positive encouragement is provided. The treatment shows an increase in word-finding during treatment; however, word identifying decreased two weeks after the rehabilitation period.<ref name="Wambaugh, 2007"/> Therefore, it shows that rehabilitation needs to be continuous for word-finding abilities to improve from the baseline. The studies show that verbs are harder to recall or repeat even with rehabilitation.<ref name="Wambaugh, 2007"/><ref name= "Mätzig 20098">{{cite journal |author=Mätzig S, Druks J, Masterson J, Vigliocco G |title=Noun and verb differences in picture naming: past studies and new evidence |journal=Cortex |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=738–58 |year=2009 |month=June |pmid=19027106 |doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2008.10.003 |url=}}</ref>
-==Key texts==
-===Books===
+== Life with Anomic Aphasia ==
-===Papers===
+This disorder may be extremely frustrating for people with and without the disorder. Although the person with anomic aphasia may know the specific word, they may not be able to recall it and this can be very difficult for everyone in the conversation. However, it is important to be patient and work with the person so that he or she gains confidence with his or her speech. Positive reinforcements are helpful.<ref name="Wambaugh, 2007"/>
-==Additional material==
-===Books===
+Although there are not many literary cases about anomic aphasia, there are many books out there about life with [[aphasia]]. One of the most notable books on aphasia is ''The Man Who Lost His Language'' by Sheila Hale. It is the story of Sheila Hale’s husband, [[John Rigby Hale|John Hale]], who was a very prestigious scholar who suffered a stroke and lost speech formation abilities. Sheila Hale does a great job explaining the symptoms and mechanics behind aphasia and speech formation. She also adds in the emotional components of dealing with a person with aphasia and how to be patient with the speech and communication.
-===Papers===
-==External links==
+== See also ==
+{{col-begin}}
+{{col-2}}
+* [[Broca’s area]] and [[Expressive aphasia]]
+* [[Conduction aphasia]]
+* [[Expressive aphasia]]
+* [[Primary progressive aphasia]]
+{{col-2}}
+* [[Receptive aphasia]]
+* [[Wernicke's area]] and [[Receptive aphasia]]
+{{col-end}}
+== References ==
+{{reflist|30em}}
+== External links ==
+* [http://www.sph.sc.edu/comd/fridriks J. Fridrikkson  website]
+{{Speech and voice symptoms and signs}}
-{{psych-stub}}
 [[Category:Aphasia]]
+[[Category:Dementia]]
+[[Category:Stroke]]
+<!--
+[[ast:Anomia]]
+[[de:Aphasie#Amnestische bzw. anomische Aphasie]]
+[[fa:نام‌پریشی]]
+[[gl:Anomia]]
+[[id:Disnomia]]
+[[hu:Amnesztikus afázia]]
+[[nl:Amnestische afasie]]
+[[pl:Anomia (zaburzenie mowy)]]
+[[pl:Dysnomia (choroba)]]
+[[sv:Dysnomi]]
+-->
 {{enWP|Nominal aphasia}}
-:gl:anomia

v·d·e Symptoms and signs: Speech and voice / Symptoms involving head and neck (R47–R49, 784)
Acute Aphasias	Expressive aphasia · Receptive aphasia · Conduction aphasia · Anomic aphasia · Global aphasia · Transcortical sensory aphasia · Transcortical motor aphasia · Mixed transcortical aphasia
Progressive Aphasias	Progressive nonfluent aphasia · Semantic dementia · Logopenic progressive aphasia
Other speech disturbances	Speech disorder · Apraxia of speech · Auditory verbal agnosia · Dysarthria · Schizophasia · Aprosodia/Dysprosody Specific language impairment · Thought disorder · Pressure of speech · Derailment · Clanging · Circumstantiality
Symbolic dysfunctions	Developmental dyslexia/Alexia · Agnosia (Astereognosis, Prosopagnosia, Visual agnosia) ·Gerstmann syndrome · Developmental dyspraxia/Apraxia (Ideomotor apraxia) · Dyscalculia/Acalculia · Agraphia
Voice disturbances	Dysphonia/Aphonia
Other	Auditory processing disorder · Headache · Post-nasal drip

Anomic aphasia
Classification and external resources
Template:Px Diffusion tensor imaging image of the brain showing the right and left arcuate fasciculus (Raf & Laf). Also shown are the right and left superior longitudinal fasciculus (Rslf & Lslf), and tapetum of corpus callosum (Ta). Damage to the Laf is known to cause anomic aphasia.
ICD-9	784.3 784.69
MeSH	D000849