Amblyopia

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)

---

Amblyopia

ICD-10	H530
ICD-9	368.0
OMIM	[1]
DiseasesDB	503
MedlinePlus	001014
eMedicine	oph/316
MeSH	{{{MeshNumber}}}

Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a disorder of the eye that is characterized by poor or blurry vision in an eye that is otherwise physically normal, or out of proportion to associated structural abnormalities. The problem is caused by either no transmission or poor transmission of the visual image to the brain for a sustained period of dysfunction or during early childhood. The condition will only arise at this young age because most of the visual system's development in humans is complete and "locked in" by 8 to 10 years of age. Amblyopia normally only affects one eye, but it is possible to be amblyopic in both eyes if both are similarly deprived of a good, clear visual image.

Amblyopia has been estimated to affect 1 to 5% of the population. It is a developmental problem in the brain, not an organic problem in the eye (although organic problems can induce amblyopic symptoms which persist after the organic problem has resolved). The part of the brain corresponding to the visual system from the affected eye is not stimulated properly, and develops abnormally. This has been confirmed via direct brain examination. David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981 for their work demonstrating the irreversible damage to ocular dominance columns produced in kittens by sufficient visual deprivation during the so-called "critical period".

Many amblyopics, especially those who are only mildly so, are not even aware they have the condition until tested at older ages, since the vision in their stronger eye is normal. However, people who have severe amblyopia may experience associated visual disorders, most notably poor depth perception.

Symptoms

Amblyopes suffer from poor spatial acuity, low sensitivity to contrast and some "higher-level" deficits to vision such as reduced sensitivity to motion. These deficits are usually specific to the amblyopic eye, not the unaffected "fellow" eye. Amblyopes can also suffer from problems of stereo vision and may have difficulty seeing the three-dimensional images in autostereograms.^{[How to reference and link to summary or text]}

Types

Amblyopia can be caused by deprivation of vision early in life, or by strabismus (misaligned eyes), vision-obstructing disorders, or anisometropia (different degrees of myopia or hyperopia in each eye).

Strabismic amblyopia

Strabismus, sometimes known as lazy eye, usually results in normal vision in the fixating eye, but abnormal vision in the strabismic eye due to the brain receiving poorer quality input from that eye during development. Adult-onset strabismus usually causes double vision (diplopia), since the two eyes are not fixated on the same object. Children's brains, however, are more plastic, and therefore can more easily adapt by ignoring images from one of the eyes, eliminating the double vision (suppression). This plastic response of the brain, however, interrupts the brain's normal development, resulting in the amblyopia.

Strabismic amblyopia is treated by clarifying the visual image with glasses, and/or encouraging use of the amblyopic eye with patching or pharmacologic penalization (usually employing atropine drops to the dominant eye). The ocular alignment itself may be treated with surgical or non-surgical methods, depending on the type and severity of the strabismus.

Refractive or anisometropic amblyopia

If anisometropia is present, refractive amblyopia may result. Anisometropia exists when there is a difference in the refraction between the two eyes. The eye with less refractive error provides the brain with a clearer image, and is favoured by the brain. Those with this condition are more susceptible to the development of amblyopia, which may be as severe as strabismic amblyopia. Despite its severity, refractive amblyopia is commonly missed by primary care physicians because of its less dramatic appearance and lack of obvious physical manifestation, such as with strabismus.

Refractive amblyopia is diagnosed when there is a wide disparity in visual acuity between the two eyes. It is treated by correcting the refractive error early with prescription lenses. Vision therapy and/or eye patching can also be used to develop and/or improve visual abilities, binocular vision, depth perception, etc.

Form-deprivation and occlusion amblyopia

Form-deprivation amblyopia (Amblyopia ex anopsia) results when the ocular media is opaque, such as is the case with cataracts or corneal scarring from forceps injuries during birth. These opacities prevent adequate sensory input from reaching the eye, and therefore disrupt visual development. If not treated in a timely fashion, amblyopia may persist even after the cause of the opacity is removed. Sometimes, drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) or some other problem causes the upper eyelid to physically occlude a child's vision, which may cause amblyopia quickly. Occulsion amblyopia may be a complication of a hemangioma that blocks some or all of the eye.

Treatment and prognosis

Treatment of strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia consists of correcting the optical deficit and forcing use of the amblyopic eye, either by patching the good eye, or by instilling topical atropine in the eye with better vision. One should also be wary of over-patching or over-penalizing the good eye when treating for amblyopia, as this can create so-called "reverse amblyopia" in the other eye.

Form deprivation amblyopia is treated by removing the opacity as soon as possible followed by patching or penalizing the good eye to encourage use of the amblyopic eye.

Although the best outcome is achieved if treatment is started before age 5, research has shown that children older than age 10 and some adults can show improvement in the affected eye. Children from 7 to 12 who wore an eye patch and performed near point activities (vision therapy) were four times as likely to show a two line improvement on a standard 11 line eye chart than amblyopic children who did not receive treatment. Children 13 to 17 showed improvement as well, albeit in smaller amounts than younger children. (NEI-funded Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group, 2005) Some claim the controversial Bates Method can reverse amblyopia, however, this assertion is unfounded.

See also

• Diplopia
• Orthoptics
• Refraction errors
• Stereoblindness
• Strabismus

External links

• http://www.aapos.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=63]
• eMedicine - Amblyopia
• All About Amblyopia - FAQ, Recent Research, etc.
• Convergence Insufficiency - Common Visual Condition Confused with Lazy Eye

• BBC article on new study that finds lazy eye can be treated in teen years
• Prevent Blindness America Amblyopia FAQ
• Strabismus - Lazy Eye and Strabismus are Not Same Condition
• The Amblyopia Foundation of America
• U.S. National Institutes of Health - Older Children Can Benefit from Treatment
• Treatment using VR software being trialled (Eastgate, et.al. Nottingham University)
• Interactive Binocular Treatment for Amblyopia