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Age discrimination or Ageism is stereotyping and prejudice against individuals or groups because of their age.[1][2]

Effects[]

Discrimination[]

Ageism commonly refers towards negative discriminatory practices, regardless of the age towards which it is applied. The following terms are subsidiary forms of ageism:

  • Adultism is a predisposition towards adults, which is seen as biased against children, youth, and all young people who aren't addressed or viewed as adults.[3]
  • Jeunism is the tendency to prefer young people over older people. This includes political candidacies, commercial functions, and cultural settings where the supposed greater vitality and/or physical beauty of youth is more appreciated than the supposed greater moral and/or intellectual rigor of adulthood.
  • Adultcentricism is the "exaggerated egocentrism of adults.[4]
  • Adultocracy is the social convention which defines "maturity" and "immaturity," placing adults in a dominant position over young people, both theoretically and practically.[5]
  • Gerontocracy is a form of oligarchical rule in which an entity is ruled by leaders who are significantly older than most of the adult population.
  • Chronocentrism is primarily the belief that a certain state of humanity is superior to all previous and/or former times.

Ageism is said to lead towards the development of fears towards age groups, particularly:


Age discrimination is the result of actions taken to deny or limit opportunities to people based on age. These are usually actions taken as a result of one's ageist beliefs and attitudes. Age discrimination occurs on both a personal and institutional level.[8] On a personal level, an older person may be told that he is too old to engage in certain physical activities, like an informal game of basketball between friends and family. Or may be told (most common in today's Western society) to be too old to date or to be just sexually attracted to much younger people and to have a much younger partner or encounter prejudices against age-disparities in general, whether the relationship is sentimental/sexual or even platonic (this particular form of ageist bigotry and discrimination is even more relevant today or in recent times on social media).[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

A 2006/2007 survey done by the Children's Rights Alliance for England and the National Children's Bureau asked 4,060 children and young people whether they have ever been treated unfairly based on various criteria (race, age, sex, sexual orientation, etc.). A total of 43% of British youth surveyed reported experiencing discrimination based on their age, far eclipsing other categories of discrimination like sex (27%), race (11%), or sexual orientation (6%).[23] Consistently, a study based on the European Social Survey found that whereas 35% of Europeans reported exposure to ageism, only 25% reported exposure to sexism and as few as 17% reported exposure to racism.[24]

Employment[]

Age discrimination can be very costly in economic terms. It is estimated that it costs the UK economy £31 billion every year. In a survey of 1,000 UK workers aged 50 to 64 years conducted in 2008 {Citation}},

  • 38% said they planned to carry on working beyond 65. Currently only 11% of the workforce work beyond state pension age
  • People in the UK aged 50+ have 30% more disposable income than the under 50's
  • 90% of older employees believe that employers discriminate against them
  • For the first time in 2006 there were more 55-64 year olds than 16-24 year olds
  • By 2011, under 16's will make up only 18% of the population compared with 23% in 1961
  • By November 2007, 27% of the UK's 29.4M work force were over 50.

Discrimination Against Younger Workers[]

Like race and gender discrimination, age discrimination, at least when it affects younger workers, can result in unequal pay for equal work. Unlike race and gender discrimination, age discrimination in wages is often enshrined in law. For example, in both the United States[25] and the United Kingdom[26] minimum wage laws allow for employers to pay lower wages to young workers. Many state and local minimum wage laws mirror such an age-based tiered minimum wage. Outside of the law, older workers, on average, make more than younger workers do. Firms may be afraid to offer older workers lower wages than younger workers.

Labor regulations also limit the age at which someone is allowed to work and how many hours and under what conditions they may work. In the United States you must generally be 14 to seek a job, and face additional restrictions on your work until 16.[27] Many companies refuse to hire workers under 18.

Discrimination Against Older Workers[]

According to an ICM poll for Age Concern, nearly one third of people know someone who has been a victim of age discrimination at work. Another one in ten people said that they have experienced discrimination by the NHS or health insurance companies, or been turned down for financial products because of their age. {{Citation} Gordon Lishman, Director General of Age Concern England, said: 'Comprehensive legislation is needed now, not just to cover the workplace but many other sectors of life.'

While older workers benefit from higher wages than younger workers they face barriers in promotions and hiring. They may also encourage early retirement or layoff disproportionately older/more experienced workers.

Age discrimination in hiring has been shown to exist in the United States. Joanna Lahey, Economics professor at Texas A&M, found that firms are more than 40% more likely to interview a younger job applicant than an older job applicant.[28]

In a survey for the University of Kent, England, 29% of respondents stated that they had suffered from age discrimination. This is a higher proportion than for gender or race discrimination. Dominic Abrams, Social Psychology professor at the University, concluded that ageism is the most pervasive form of prejudice experienced in the UK population.[29]

Government responses[]

In the US, each state may have its own law governing age discrimination. In California, the California Fair Employment and Housing Act governs age discrimination with respect to persons over the age of 40. The FEHA is the principal California statute prohibiting employment discrimination covering employers, labor organizations, employment agencies, apprenticeship programs and any person or entity who aids, abets, incites, compels, or coerces the doing of a discriminatory act. In addition to age, it prohibits employment discrimination based on race or color; religion; national origin or ancestry, physical disability; mental disability or medical condition; marital status; sex or sexual orientation; and pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions.[30]

The Federal Government governs age discrimination under the Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. The ADEA prohibits employment discrimination based on age with respect to employees 40 years of age or older as well. The ADEA also addresses the difficulty older workers face in obtaining new employment after being displaced from their jobs, arbitrary age limits.[31] The ADEA applies even if some of the minimum 20 employees are overseas and working for a US corporation.[32]

Other countries that have laws addressing ageism include Australia, Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.

Related efforts[]

Many intergenerational and youth programs have been created to address the issue of ageism. Among the advocacy organizations created to challenge age discrimination are:

  • United States
    • Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions
    • Gray Panthers: Formed in the early 1970s with a goal of eliminating ageism in all forms.
    • National Youth Rights Association: Formed in the late 1990s with the goal of gaining civil rights for youth.

Related campaigns[]

  • In 2002 the Writers Guild of America West has waged a legal battle within the entertainment industry to eliminate age discrimination commonly faced by elder scriptwriters.[How to reference and link to summary or text]
  • Director Paul Weitz reported he wrote the 2004 film, In Good Company to reveal how ageism affects youth and adults.[33]
  • In 2002 The Freechild Project created an information and training initiative to provide resources to youth organizations and schools focused on youth rights.[34]

Accusations of Ageism[]

  • The television show Thirtysomething has been singled out for being ageist towards middle-aged adults.[How to reference and link to summary or text]
  • In a recent interview, famed actor Pierce Brosnan cited ageism as one of the contributing factors as to why he was not cast as James Bond in the Bond film Casino Royale, released in 2006.[35]

Terms with ageist or age related negative connotations[]

A[]

  • Adorable:[36] Not necessarily negative, a term that, when specifically applied to an older person or a senior citizen, can be considered patronizing and mocking in nature, particularly if the term is being used to refer to mental disabilities or dependency.
  • Adult diaper: A type of disposable diaper or underpants for adults who struggle with urinary or fecal incontinence or other medical issues that affect bladder and bowel control; it is recommended by groups such as AgingCare that nurses and other professional care staff not use the term "diaper" due to its connotation with infants and children; preferred terms are adult descriptors such as "briefs", "panties", or the product's brand name, for example Depends.[37]
  • Adulting: A slang term associating typical adult behaviour with difficulty and hardship, growing up and maturity whereas adults who aren't "adulting" are immature and childish.
  • Ancient: An insulting term to refer to an older person or senior citizen.

B[]

  • Baba Yaga: A Slavic mythological figure and slang term referring to a creepy or unsightly old woman, older person who frightens or upsets children.
  • Baby: Term often used to tease others for being childish or too young, or for behaving in an immature way.
  • Bag lady: A homeless old woman or a vagrant.
  • Barely legal: A term often used to market pornography as featuring young people who are "barely legal" (only just reached legal age of majority; still look like minors); the term is often considered creepy and inappropriate, and fetishizes young people sexually, other times is considered inappropriate and offensive towards and by young people who finally fully reached the age to achieve certain rights and to be finally considered adult or/and responsible and capable of freely making particular life choices of their own like everyone else.
  • Bed blocker:[38] A derogatory term in Irish slang used to describe older people taking up all the available hospital beds in the healthcare system.
  • Beldame: An outdated term referring to an old woman, especially an ugly one.
  • Biddy:[39] An annoying, gossipy or interfering old lady.
  • Blue-hairs:[40] Derogatory term referring to old women who dye their hair a distinctive silvery-blue colour; suburban older women.
  • Boomer: A postwar era-born person from the "Baby Boom", or a "baby boomer"; this term can also be used in a neutral context sometimes.
  • Boomer Remover: A slang term used by politically left-leaning young people on social media to describe the COVID-19 era; the term drew criticism for trivializing and mocking the high death rates of aging people due to the pandemic.[41]
  • Boomerang kid: A term for an adult who ceases to live independently from their parents and moves back home, typically derogatory.
  • Brat: A term used to describe a badly-behaved or spoiled child, often used to scold them (the term has been reclaimed as one of edginess or rebellion; for instance, the fashion doll line Bratz uses the term in a positive manner).[42]
  • Burden: A term (also ableist) of contempt or disdain used to describe old and infirm or disabled people who either don't contribute to society or who contribute in a limited way; this lack of contribution may be imposed or facilitated by social stigma and other factors.

C[]

  • Codger:[43] An old-fashioned or eccentric old man.
  • Coot:[44] A crazy and foolish old man; senile man.
  • Cougar:[45][46] A western slang term referring to older women who have romantic or sexual relations with younger men, although the term can also have a positive connotation depending on the situation or circumstance.
  • Crone:[47] An ugly or witch-like old woman.
  • Curmudgeon:[48] An ill-tempered, grumpy or surly old man (although the term is most often applied to old men, it can be used more broadly: for example, in the 2008 film Marley & Me, John Grogan, a forty-year-old man, is called a curmudgeon for complaining about the prevalence of aesthetically ugly high-rise condos popping up in his city).

D[]

  • Deaf: An ageist and ableist (when used as an insult) term used to mock people who are hard of hearing or who misheard something; synonymous with "stupid" or "dumb" in the context of an insult (note that the term "deaf" is also a legitimate medical and demographic term used for the Deaf Community, and is generally neutral or positive unless used as a direct insult or mockery).
  • Demented: An older person suffering from dementia or Alzheimer's disease but used also against people who don't have any of them.
  • Dinosaur:[49][50] Slang term used to describe an out-of-touch older person, a clueless person or an ignorant and bigoted old man.
  • Dirty old man:[51][52][53] An old pervert, specifically referring to older men who make sexual advances or remarks, or who often engage in sex-related activities and subject matter, term related to the clearly false beliefs that is inappropriate and unnatural for said men to be still sexually active and that young people cannot be "dirty" or perverts. The term, other than very ageist, has assumed especially now very misandrist connotations in the West and it is used especially now against men who are naturally still attracted to young women regardless of the legal/adult age of the latter or/and how contained said men are in showing or espressing said attraction, and it is used now also against men who are in or barely in their middle-age.
  • Dotard: A weak older person with limited mental faculties, or a mentally disabled older person.
  • Dried up:[54] Slang for a sexually-inactive older person, often used to refer to older women or impotent men.

E[]

  • Eat All The Old People: A phrase popularized by the song of the same name by the music group No Time of "Dr. Demento's Basement Tapes No. 7"; the song, intended as satire, mocks deafness in older people, and features lyrics depicting a fictional political campaign endorsing the killing and eating of senior citizens so that society will have more resources; the song features the chorus "We gotta eat all the old people (Show em that you love em), We gotta eat all the old people (Shove em in the oven), We gotta eat all the old people (Stick em in the freezer), We gotta eat all the old people (We're gonna garnish up a geezer)!".[55]
  • Empty nesters:[56] Older people with children who have moved out of the family residence; people downsizing.

F[]

  • Failure to launch: A term referring to a young adult who has not yet met the societal standards of their culture for being a typical adult, such as going to university, moving to their own residence or getting a job.
  • Fogey: An old man who has old-fashioned or conservative interests and tastes.
  • Fuddy-duddy:[57] A silly or foolish old man.

G[]

  • Geezer: A significantly aged old man. In the UK, it is a slang term used most often to refer simply to a "man" or "guy".
  • Geriatric: Offensive slang (when used in a non-medical context only).[58]
  • Gerry: (Not to be confused with the pejorative ethnic term towards German people; "gerry" in this context is short for "geriatric").[59]
  • Gigolo: A young man or boy who earns money or favours (such as a free room) from a romantic or sexual relationship with an older woman; a young male escort; this is a legitimate descriptive term, but can also be used as an insult towards any younger man who gets money or affection from older women or multiple women.
  • GILF, or, "Grandmother I'd Like to Fuck":[60] A fetishistic acronym referring to sexually-attractive older senior women.
  • Gold-digger: A younger person, typically a woman, who seduces and then gets money, affection and possessions from an older person; the term can also have criminal implications.
  • Golden ager: A term used to describe older people, especially those retired or close to old age.[61]
  • Golden Girls:[62] A group of older women who are friends; originates from the term "golden years", and from the 1980s sitcom The Golden Girls.
  • Guang Gun: A derogatory Chinese slang term loosely translating to "bare branches" or "bare sticks", used to describe unmarried men who have no legitimate children and therefore don't carry on the family tree or family name; the male equivalent of "spinster" or "Sheng nu".

H[]

  • Hag: A bitter, mean and physically ugly older woman.
  • Harold and Maude: A couple consisting of two partners between whom exists a large age difference; slang term originates from the 1971 comedy feature film Harold and Maude.[63]
  • Harridan: A slang term for an old woman who is vicious, scolding and cruel.
  • Has-been:[64] An older person out-of-touch with modern trends, or outmoded and no longer wanted/needed by their place of employment or society. It is used also towards a living "washed-up" or no more relevant or influencial personality, like a celebrity or former celebrity.
  • Having a "senior moment":[65] A temporary mental lapse jokingly attributed to senility or old age.
  • Hipster: A term (often pejorative) referring to young people who are pretentious and heavily focused on keeping up with certain high-end fashion and lifestyle choices.

J[]

  • Jailbait:[66][67] A term in pedophile slang used to identify a young girl or boy who is under the age of consent as a sexual object; used as a descriptor or a warning among sex offenders and pedophiles to identify a potential victim or attractive victim.

K[]

  • Kidult: An adult with an interest in childish things and things from childhood that they are nostalgic for; for example, a grown man with no children who plays with My Little Pony figurines or sleeps with plush toys. The term is used positively or neutrally in the animation for kid-looking adult characters like Mickey Mouse, SpongeBob, Chip & Dale and Cuphead & Mugman (in both their 1930s cartoon-style video game and the animated series based on it).

L[]

  • Little old lady: A harmless and helpless older woman; innocent and pitiful older woman. Not always used with negative intentions, similarly to the term "Adorable" listed above.
  • Lolita: A term for a sexually-mature or promiscuous minor child, typically a girl; the term has pedophilic connotations and is generally considered inappropriate and creepy, used to fetishize or exploit vulnerable usually preteen girls. "Lolita" is a term of endearment from the book Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov.
  • Luddite: An older person who resists new technology, especially digital technology; this term may be misused to refer to people with anti-establishment views (for example somebody who boycotts Amazon or refuses to own a mobile phone), whereas when applied to older people, the term takes on a more pejorative context describing an irrational fear or disdain towards new things caused by age alone, such as a fear of artificial intelligence taking jobs away.[68][69][70] The term in any such case is a misuse of the term "luddite" in reference to a very specific subgroup of textiles workers with certain religious and philosophical beliefs about social order and new advancements in human culture.

M[]

  • Maggot(s) in the rice: a derogatory term in contemporary Chinese culture referring to baby girls; the term is typically associated with China's authoritarian "One Child Policy", which limited birth of children per family and also favoured male children. China's government has since implemented efforts to change this cultural phenomenon.[71][72]
  • Malingerer: An older person who lingers or routinely goes to hospitals and walk-in clinics with ailments, either real or imagined; the term has negative connotations of attention-seeking and mooching off the system.
  • Mama-san: A term (often considered pejorative, outdated) referring to an older woman from East Asia in an authority position.
  • Mammy: A term and social image, generally also perceived as racist, of a kindly old black woman who raises the children of the family employing her or keeping her in slavery; the elderly Mammy is often bizarrely placid, maternal, unquestioning and wise yet subservient.
  • Man-child or Man-baby: A grown adult man who lives like a child or teenager typically would.
  • MILF:[73] An acronym slang term meaning "mother I'd like to fuck"; considered sexist and ageist by some and positive or neutral by others (generally those sexually attracted or oriented to MILFs), some women have reclaimed the term as a form of flattery and sexual self-expression, diversifying its context; for example, Medium journalist Octavia Morrison took the term as a compliment, arguing that being called a "MILF" suggested that she as an older woman and mother was still in sexual demand and physically attractive.[74]
  • Mrs. Robinson:[75][76][77] Originating from the song "Mrs. Robinson" by Simon & Garfunkel; slang term referring to an older woman pursuing someone younger than herself, typically an adolescent male.

N[]

  • Niglet[78]: Pejorative racial slur (derivative of the racial slur "nig*er") used to describe black children; the term is extremely offensive in most contexts, as it stems from a broader slur linked with connotations of slavery and servitude.
  • Nuisance: A derogatory term towards older people.

O[]

  • Okay, boomer:[79][80] Originally a slang term used in left-wing politics to shut down opponents or pundits with a "boomer" (outdated, bigoted) opinion; the term raised concerns due to its ageist rhetoric, its lack of a clear definition (having been conflated with "Karen" and other American slang emerging in the midst of the COVID-19 era), and the term's use to silence and exclude particularly conservatives from political debates.
  • Old bag / Old hag: An older, unappealing or ugly and lower-class woman.
  • Old bat: A neurotic or senile older woman.
  • Old bitch: A rude term for an older woman.
  • Old cow: A rude term for an older woman, especially one who is overweight or obese and homely.
  • Old fart:[81] A boring and old-fashioned silly person.
  • Old folks' home:[82] A slang term, often considered insulting, for an assisted care facility or residence for older people.
  • Old maid: An older unmarried lady; a widow.
  • Olderly: Newfoundland slang term for "elderly"; can be offensive or neutral depending on the context.[83]
  • Oldster:[84][85] An offensive term that gained strong pejorative status during the COVID-19 era; used to describe senior citizens affected by the pandemic.
  • Old white man:[86][87][88] Both an ageist and racist term with also misandrist connotations[89] used to perpetuate the false and outdated stereotype and myth that elderly people who are specifically male and white-skinned are generally racist against non-white people and love more than anyone else to use racial slurs despite the well-proven fact that younger people of any race and ethnicity use them the most.[90][91]
  • Out to pasture: Euphemism for retirement, likening retirement to putting a working livestock animal, such as an old horse or a cow, out to pasture for grazing.
  • Over the hills:[92] Age-related metaphor comparing aging through life to going over a hill; the term can be used jokingly and with good intent, and offence depends on the context in which it is used.

P[]

  • Pensioner:[93] An older person living on an old-age pension; used as an insult to refer to aging people draining the welfare system.
  • Peter Pan: A term describing a grown adult, typically a man, who behaves like a child or teenager and refuses, either actively or passively, to not act their true age. It is also used as a positive way, even as a compliment, depending on the context and circumstance.
  • Pops: A condescending (depending on context) term for an older, out-of-touch man.
  • Prostitot: A derogatory term for a minor who dresses provocatively in a trashy manner; portmanteau of "prostitute" and "toddler".
  • Prune: The term "prune", or comparing older people to prunes in general, is a common insult and often an intended joke; for example, in the Goosebumps episode "An Old Story", two teenage boys are given prune cookies that cause the boys to physically age into old men, after which their elderly aunt attempts to sell the boys to two little old ladies who want to marry them.[94][95]
  • Psycho-biddy: An exploitation film genre featuring films about older women; the name of the genre is used in humour and is not generally intended to be offensive or derogatory.
  • Punk: A misbehaved young person, not to be confused with punk subculture. Depending on the situation and how badly said young person misbehaves (or worse), the use of the term is considered appropriate or justified.

S[]

  • Second childhood:[96] A term describing adults whose declining mental capabilities mean that they need care similar to that of young children, for example adults who are older and need help with tasks such as bathing, shopping, using the toilet and reading books.
  • Senile: Senility; broad term (with some legitimate medical usage) referring to older people with declining mental capabilities. The term is used also against people with still good mental capabilities basing merely on their age.
  • Sheng nu: A derogatory Chinese slang term loosely translating to "leftover women", used to describe unmarried older women.
  • Silver fox: A sexually-attractive or promiscuous older person, typically a woman.
  • Silver surfer:[97] An older person who knows how to expertly use digital technology; "silver" refers to hair colour.
  • Silver Wings Travel Club:[98] An offensive euphemism for senior citizens travelling on a commercial airline flight.
  • Sleepy Joe: A term that has been used by Donald Trump, among other figures, to mock moments President Joe Biden because of moments of lack of attention and drowsiness; implying that he is senile or delicate due to his age. While it may not necessarily be an ageist term per se and used just in politics mainly to describe an approach of a politician to the public and during speeches to make him lose credibility and trust among voters and potential voters, various critics have called this term into question for its potential ageist implications among both older and younger people.[99][100][101]
  • Spinster: A single woman who, in her own culture, is unmarried beyond the age at which most people get married.

W[]

  • Whippersnapper: A young person who thinks they know more than they do, typically a teenager or young adult; a smartass.
  • Witch: An older woman who is cranky, physically unattractive and bitter, who resembles a witch.
  • Wrinkle room:[102] A term referring in gay culture to bars where old men congregate.
  • Wrinkled old prune: A derogatory term referring to old people by way of their wrinkled skin and consumption of fiber, comparing them to dehydrated prunes.[103]

Y[]

  • Young fogey: A British slang term referring to conservatively-dressed, young preppy men.
  • Yuppie: An urban professional, typically of the 1980s era, a sellout; developed a pejorative connotation from the association with consumerism, gentrification and indifference towards sociopolitical issues.
  • Yuppie flu: A pejorative term for chronic fatigue syndrome, originaing in the 1980s as a stereotype of people with CFS as frustrated and spoiled young yuppies.[104]

Z[]

  • Zoomer:[105][106] Antonym of "boomer"; refers to younger people who went through school or their career using Zoom to communicate in the Covid-19 era, as well as young people zooming through life, addicted to digital devices such as smartphones or working in technologically integrated environments. Like "boomer", the term can also be used neutrally.


See also[]

References[]

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