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{{ClinPsy}}
  
{{ClinPsy}}
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'''Activities of daily living''' ('''ADLs''') are "the things we normally do in daily living including any daily activity we perform for self-care (such as feeding ourselves, bathing, dressing, grooming), work, homemaking, and leisure." <ref name =MN> [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2152 MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary]</ref> A number of national surveys collect data on the ADL status of the U.S. population. <ref name =NCHS> [http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/nchsdefs/ADL.htm National Center for Health Statistics]</ref>
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'''Activities of daily living''' ('''ADLs'''), is a way to describe the functional status of a person. It is a tool in the [[biopsychosocial model]] of [[medicine]], and is useful for assessing the [[elderly]], the [[mental illness|mentally ill]], those with [[chronic disease]]s, and others.
  
   
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[[Health professional]]s routinely refer to the ability or inability to perform ADLs as a measurement of the functional status of a person.<ref name=EN> "Activities of Daily Living Evaluation." Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health. Ed. Kristine Krapp. Gale Group, Inc., 2002. eNotes.com. 2006.[http://www.enotes.com/nursing-encyclopedia/activities-daily-living-evaluation Enotes Nursing Encyclopedia]Accessed on: 11 Oct, 2007</ref> This measurement is useful for assessing the [[elderly]], the [[mental illness|mentally ill]], those with [[chronic disease]]s, and others, in order to evaluate what type of health care services an individual may need. There are several evaluation tools, such as the [http://son.uth.tmc.edu/coa/FDGN_1/RESOURCES/ADLandIADL.pdf Katz ADL scale] and the [http://web.archive.org/web/20060708055237/http://www.abramsoncenter.org/PRI/documents/IADL.pdf Lawton IADL scale].
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This is seen to include a number of components, though these are not strict rules.
  
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  +
Most models of health care service use ADL evaluations in their practice, including the medical (or institutional) models, such as the [[Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing]], and resident-centered models, such as the [[Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly]] (PACE).
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  +
In the US, most medical insurance policies will not cover assistance with performing ADLs, whereas such assistance is often covered by policies specific to [[long-term care]].
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  +
==Daily living skills==
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'''Daily living skills''' are the skills required to complete the activities of daily living. being able to master these tasks is an important goal for people with severe mental health difficulties and [[intellectual disabilities]] as it brings independence , helps maintain [[dignity]] and [[self respect]]
   
 
== Basic ADL ==
  
== Basic ADL ==
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[[Occupational therapist]]s typically look at 11 categories of ADLs. These are the activities that are fundamental for self care.
  
[[Occupational therapist]]s typically look at 11 categories of ADLs. These are the activities that are fundamental for self care.
 
<ref name = AOTA> [No authors listed] Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: domain and process. Am J Occup Ther. 2002 Nov-Dec;56(6):609-39. PMID 12458855. Erratum in: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 Jan-Feb;57(1):115.</ref>
  
<ref name = AOTA> [No authors listed] Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: domain and process. Am J Occup Ther. 2002 Nov-Dec;56(6):609-39. PMID 12458855. Erratum in: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 Jan-Feb;57(1):115.</ref>
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* Bathing/Showering
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* [[Bathing]]/[[Showering]]
 
* Bowel and bladder management
  
* Bowel and bladder management
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* Dressing
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* [[Dressing]]
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* Eating
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* [[Eating]]
 
* Feeding
  
* Feeding
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* Functional mobility
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* [[Functional mobility]]
 
* Personal device care - Includes items like hearing aids, glasses, prosthetics, adaptive equipment, etc.
  
* Personal device care - Includes items like hearing aids, glasses, prosthetics, adaptive equipment, etc.
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* Personal hygiene and grooming
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* [[Personal hygiene]] and grooming
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* Sexual activity
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* [[Sexual activity]]
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* Sleep/Rest
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* [[Sleep]]/Rest
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* Toilet Hygiene
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* [[Toilet hygiene]]
   
 
Many of the above are consider to be a given. [[Physician]]s, [[nurse]]s and [[occupational therapist]]s are typically interested in the ability to: dress, eat, ambulate (walk), do toileting and take care of their own hygiene. These five tasks can be remembered with the [[mnemonic]] '''''DEATH''': '''d'''ressing, '''e'''ating, '''a'''mbulating, '''t'''oileting, '''h'''ygiene''.<ref name=onn>Onn ILY, Jin PCW. Assessment of the Elderly Patient. The Singapore Family Physician. 25(2). 1999. Available at: [http://www.cfps.org.sg/sfp/25/252/articles/e252008.html http://www.cfps.org.sg/sfp/25/252/articles/e252008.html]. Accessed on: April 22, 2006.</ref>
  
Many of the above are consider to be a given. [[Physician]]s, [[nurse]]s and [[occupational therapist]]s are typically interested in the ability to: dress, eat, ambulate (walk), do toileting and take care of their own hygiene. These five tasks can be remembered with the [[mnemonic]] '''''DEATH''': '''d'''ressing, '''e'''ating, '''a'''mbulating, '''t'''oileting, '''h'''ygiene''.<ref name=onn>Onn ILY, Jin PCW. Assessment of the Elderly Patient. The Singapore Family Physician. 25(2). 1999. Available at: [http://www.cfps.org.sg/sfp/25/252/articles/e252008.html http://www.cfps.org.sg/sfp/25/252/articles/e252008.html]. Accessed on: April 22, 2006.</ref>
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== Instrumental ADL ==
  
== Instrumental ADL ==
   
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This includes activities not necessary for fundamental functioning, but still very useful in a community. [[Cooking]], [[shopping]], [[housework]] and [[transport]] are in this category.
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This includes activities not necessary for fundamental functioning, but still very useful in a community. [[Cooking]], [[shopping]], [[housework]] and [[transport]] are in this category, as is the use of community resources such as entertainment and leisure facilities, financial services and health and social services.
   
 
Occupational therapists also look at IADLs when completing assessments. They include 11 areas of IADLs that are generally optional in nature, and can be delegated to others. These areas are:<ref name=AOTA>Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56'', 609-637</ref>
  
Occupational therapists also look at IADLs when completing assessments. They include 11 areas of IADLs that are generally optional in nature, and can be delegated to others. These areas are:<ref name=AOTA>Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56'', 609-637</ref>
 
* Care of others (including selecting and supervising caregivers)
  
* Care of others (including selecting and supervising caregivers)
 
* Care of pets
  
* Care of pets
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* Child rearing
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* [[Child rearing]]
 
* Communication device use
  
* Communication device use
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* Community mobility
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* [[Community mobility]]
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* Financial management
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* [[Personal financial management]]
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* Health management and maintenance
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* [[Personal health management]] and maintenance
  +
* [[Household management]]
 
* Meal preparation and cleanup
  
* Meal preparation and cleanup
 
* Safety procedures and emergency responses
  
* Safety procedures and emergency responses
 
* Shopping
  
* Shopping
   
−
There are systems (such as the [[Katz ADL scale]]) that seek to quantify these functions and obtain a numerical value. These systems are useful for the prioritising of care and resources.
 +
There are systems (such as the Katz ADL scale) that seek to quantify these functions and obtain a numerical value. These systems are useful for the prioritising of care and resources.
   
 
Generally though, these should be seen as rough guidelines for the assessment of a patient's ability to care for themselves.
  
Generally though, these should be seen as rough guidelines for the assessment of a patient's ability to care for themselves.
   
 
A simple assessment of the IADLs is frequently done by asking about the ability to do shopping, housekeeping, personal finances, food preparation, and get around (e.g. driving). These tasks can be remembered with the mnemonic '''''SHAFT''': '''s'''hopping, '''h'''ousekeeping, '''a'''ccounting, '''f'''ood preparation, '''t'''ransportation''.<ref name=onn/>
  
A simple assessment of the IADLs is frequently done by asking about the ability to do shopping, housekeeping, personal finances, food preparation, and get around (e.g. driving). These tasks can be remembered with the mnemonic '''''SHAFT''': '''s'''hopping, '''h'''ousekeeping, '''a'''ccounting, '''f'''ood preparation, '''t'''ransportation''.<ref name=onn/>
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==Assessment instruments==
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*[[Hygiene]]
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*[[Independent Living Skills Survey]]
   
 
== See also ==
  
== See also ==
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* [[Long-term care]]
  
* [[Long-term care]]
 
* [[Nursing home]]
  
* [[Nursing home]]
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* [[Personal life]]
 
* [[Physical mobility]]
  
* [[Physical mobility]]
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* [[Psychosocial rehabilitation]]
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* [[Psychiatric rehabilitation]]
 
* [[Rehabilitation]]
  
* [[Rehabilitation]]
 
* [[Roper Logan and Tierney]]
  
* [[Roper Logan and Tierney]]
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[[Category:Activities of daily living]]
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[[Category:Nursing theory]]
  
[[Category:Nursing theory]]
 
[[Category:Rehabilitation medicine]]
  
[[Category:Rehabilitation medicine]]
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[[Category:Self-care]]
   
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:de:Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens]]
  
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:ja:日常生活動作]]
  
 
{{enWP|Activities of daily living}}
  
{{enWP|Activities of daily living}}

Revision as of 18:29, 3 September 2014

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Activities of daily living (ADLs) are "the things we normally do in daily living including any daily activity we perform for self-care (such as feeding ourselves, bathing, dressing, grooming), work, homemaking, and leisure." [1] A number of national surveys collect data on the ADL status of the U.S. population. [2]

Health professionals routinely refer to the ability or inability to perform ADLs as a measurement of the functional status of a person.[3] This measurement is useful for assessing the elderly, the mentally ill, those with chronic diseases, and others, in order to evaluate what type of health care services an individual may need. There are several evaluation tools, such as the Katz ADL scale and the Lawton IADL scale.

Most models of health care service use ADL evaluations in their practice, including the medical (or institutional) models, such as the Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing, and resident-centered models, such as the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE).

In the US, most medical insurance policies will not cover assistance with performing ADLs, whereas such assistance is often covered by policies specific to long-term care.

Daily living skills

Daily living skills are the skills required to complete the activities of daily living. being able to master these tasks is an important goal for people with severe mental health difficulties and intellectual disabilities as it brings independence , helps maintain dignity and self respect

Basic ADL

Occupational therapists typically look at 11 categories of ADLs. These are the activities that are fundamental for self care. [4]

  • Bathing/Showering
  • Bowel and bladder management
  • Dressing
  • Eating
  • Feeding
  • Functional mobility
  • Personal device care - Includes items like hearing aids, glasses, prosthetics, adaptive equipment, etc.
  • Personal hygiene and grooming
  • Sexual activity
  • Sleep/Rest
  • Toilet hygiene

Many of the above are consider to be a given. Physicians, nurses and occupational therapists are typically interested in the ability to: dress, eat, ambulate (walk), do toileting and take care of their own hygiene. These five tasks can be remembered with the mnemonic DEATH: dressing, eating, ambulating, toileting, hygiene.[5]

Mobility

Refers to a person's ability to move around, including: walking (independently or with the assistance of another person or a piece of equipment, such as a cane, walker), wheeling a wheelchair, being able to get in and out of their bed, bathtub, vehicle, etc

Instrumental ADL

This includes activities not necessary for fundamental functioning, but still very useful in a community. Cooking, shopping, housework and transport are in this category, as is the use of community resources such as entertainment and leisure facilities, financial services and health and social services.

Occupational therapists also look at IADLs when completing assessments. They include 11 areas of IADLs that are generally optional in nature, and can be delegated to others. These areas are:[4]

  • Care of others (including selecting and supervising caregivers)
  • Care of pets
  • Child rearing
  • Communication device use
  • Community mobility
  • Personal financial management
  • Personal health management and maintenance
  • Household management
  • Meal preparation and cleanup
  • Safety procedures and emergency responses
  • Shopping

There are systems (such as the Katz ADL scale) that seek to quantify these functions and obtain a numerical value. These systems are useful for the prioritising of care and resources.

Generally though, these should be seen as rough guidelines for the assessment of a patient's ability to care for themselves.

A simple assessment of the IADLs is frequently done by asking about the ability to do shopping, housekeeping, personal finances, food preparation, and get around (e.g. driving). These tasks can be remembered with the mnemonic SHAFT: shopping, housekeeping, accounting, food preparation, transportation.[5]

Assessment instruments

  • Hygiene
  • Independent Living Skills Survey

See also

References

  1. ↑ MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary
  2. ↑ National Center for Health Statistics
  3. ↑ "Activities of Daily Living Evaluation." Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health. Ed. Kristine Krapp. Gale Group, Inc., 2002. eNotes.com. 2006.Enotes Nursing EncyclopediaAccessed on: 11 Oct, 2007
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 [No authors listed] Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: domain and process. Am J Occup Ther. 2002 Nov-Dec;56(6):609-39. PMID 12458855. Erratum in: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 Jan-Feb;57(1):115. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "AOTA" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Onn ILY, Jin PCW. Assessment of the Elderly Patient. The Singapore Family Physician. 25(2). 1999. Available at: http://www.cfps.org.sg/sfp/25/252/articles/e252008.html. Accessed on: April 22, 2006.
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