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[[Image:Cuttlefish color.jpg|thumb|right|Many [[Cephalopod]] molluscs such as this [[Cuttlefish]] can change color rapidly for signalling or to match their background]] |
[[Image:Cuttlefish color.jpg|thumb|right|Many [[Cephalopod]] molluscs such as this [[Cuttlefish]] can change color rapidly for signalling or to match their background]] |
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| − | {{Camouflage}} |
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| − | '''Active camouflage''' or '''adaptive camouflage''' is [[camouflage]] that adapts, often rapidly, to the surroundings of an object such as an animal |
+ | '''Active camouflage''' or '''adaptive camouflage''' is [[camouflage]] that adapts, often rapidly, to the surroundings of an object such as an animal . In theory, active camouflage could provide perfect concealment from visual detection.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kent W. McKee and David W. Tack |year=2007 |title=Active Camouflage For Infantry Headwear Applications |publisher=HumanSystems |pages=iii |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA477147}}</ref> |
Active camouflage is used in several groups of animals, including reptiles on land, and cephalopod molluscs and flatfish in the sea. Animals achieve active camouflage both by [[Camouflage#Crypsis_by_changing_skin_pattern.2C_colour|color change]] and (among marine animals) by [[Camouflage#Crypsis_by_counterillumination|counterillumination]]. |
Active camouflage is used in several groups of animals, including reptiles on land, and cephalopod molluscs and flatfish in the sea. Animals achieve active camouflage both by [[Camouflage#Crypsis_by_changing_skin_pattern.2C_colour|color change]] and (among marine animals) by [[Camouflage#Crypsis_by_counterillumination|counterillumination]]. |
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* by changing the appearance of the object as changes occur in its background. |
* by changing the appearance of the object as changes occur in its background. |
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| − | Active camouflage has its origins in the [[diffused lighting camouflage]] first tested on [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command|Canadian Navy]] [[corvettes]] including [[HMCS Rimouski (K121)|HMCS Rimouski]] during World War II, and later in the armed forces of the United States of America in the [[Yehudi lights]] project, and of the United Kingdom.<ref name="NavalMuseumQuebec">{{cite web | url=http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/navres/10/10-n_eng.asp?category=183&title=1587 | title=Naval Museum of Quebec | publisher=Royal Canadian Navy | work=Diffused Lighting and its use in the Chaleur Bay | accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref> |
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| − | == In research == |
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| − | [[File:Mediated-reality-easel.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustrating the concept: active image capture and re-display creates an "illusory transparency", also known as "computer mediated reality" or "optical camouflage"]] |
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| − | Current systems began with a [[United States Air Force]] program which placed low-intensity blue lights on aircraft as [[Camouflage#Crypsis_by_counterillumination|counterillumination camouflage]]. As night skies are not pitch black, a 100 percent black-colored aircraft might be rendered visible. By emitting a small amount of blue light, the aircraft blends more effectively into the night sky. |
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| − | Active camouflage may now develop using [[organic light-emitting diode]]s (OLEDs) and other technologies which allow for images to be projected onto irregularly-shaped surfaces. Using visual data from a camera, an object could perhaps be camouflaged well enough to avoid detection by the human eye and optical sensors when stationary. Camouflage is weakened by motion, but active camouflage could still make moving targets more difficult to see. However, active camouflage works best in one direction at a time, requiring knowledge of the relative positions of the observer and the concealed object.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kent W. McKee and David W. Tack |year=2007 |title=Active Camouflage For Infantry Headwear Applications |publisher=HumanSystems |pages=10–11 |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA477147}}</ref> |
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| − | Active camouflage technology exists only in theory and proof-of-concept prototypes. In 2003 researchers at the [[University of Tokyo]] under [[Susumu Tachi]] created a prototype active camouflage system in which a video camera images the background and displays it on a cloth using an external projector.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/2003/inventions/invinvisible.html Time magazine: Invisibility]</ref> |
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| − | [[Phased array optics]] (PAO) would implement active camouflage, not by producing a two-dimensional image of background scenery on an object, but by [[computer generated holography|computational holography]] to produce a three-dimensional hologram of background scenery on an object to be concealed. Unlike a two-dimensional image, the holographic image would appear to be the actual scenery behind the object independent of viewer distance or view angle.<ref>{{cite book | last = Wowk B | authorlink = Brian Wowk | chapter = Phased Array Optics | title = Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance | editor = BC Crandall | publisher = [[MIT Press]] | year= 1996 | pages = 147–160 | isbn = 0-262-03237-6 | url = http://www.phased-array.com/1996-Book-Chapter.html | accessdate = 2007-02-18| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070227231535/http://www.phased-array.com/1996-Book-Chapter.html| archivedate= 27 February 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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| − | In 2011, BAE Systems announced their ''[[Adaptiv]]'' infrared camouflage technology. It uses about 1000 hexagonal panels to cover the sides of a tank. The panels are rapidly heated and cooled to match either the temperature of the vehicle's surroundings, or one of the objects in the thermal cloaking system's "library" such as a truck, car or large rock.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14788009 | title=BBC News Technology | publisher=BBC | work=Tanks test infrared invisibility cloak | date=5 September 2011 | accessdate=March 27, 2012}}</ref> |
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== In animals == |
== In animals == |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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| − | * [[Cloaking device]] |
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| − | * [[Cloak of invisibility]] |
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| − | * [[Stealth technology]] |
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| − | * [[Yehudi lights]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 14:26, 1 January 2013
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Many Cephalopod molluscs such as this Cuttlefish can change color rapidly for signalling or to match their background
Active camouflage or adaptive camouflage is camouflage that adapts, often rapidly, to the surroundings of an object such as an animal . In theory, active camouflage could provide perfect concealment from visual detection.[1]
Active camouflage is used in several groups of animals, including reptiles on land, and cephalopod molluscs and flatfish in the sea. Animals achieve active camouflage both by color change and (among marine animals) by counterillumination.
In military usage, active camouflage remains at the research stage. Counterillumination camouflage was first investigated during the Second World War for marine use. Current research aims to achieve crypsis by using cameras to sense the visible background, and by controlling panels or coatings that can vary their appearance.
Definition
Active camouflage provides concealment in two ways:[2]
- by making an object not merely generally similar to its surroundings, but effectively invisible through accurate mimicry, and
- by changing the appearance of the object as changes occur in its background.
In animals
- See also:
The flounder Bothus ocellatus can change its color to match its background in a few seconds
Active camouflage is present in several groups of animals including cephalopod molluscs, fish, and reptiles.
There are two mechanisms of active camouflage in animals: counterillumination camouflage, and color change.
Counterillumination camouflage is the production of light to blend in against a lit background. In the sea, light comes down from the surface, so when marine animals are seen from below, they appear darker than the background. Some species of cephalopod, such as the Midwater Squid and the Sparkling Enope Squid, produce light in photophores on their undersides to match the background.[3] Bioluminescence is common among marine animals, so counterillumination camouflage may be widespread, though light has other functions, including attracting prey and signalling.
Color change permits camouflage against different backgrounds. Many cephalopods including octopus, cuttlefish, and squid, and some terrestrial reptiles including chameleons and anoles can rapidly change color and pattern, though the major reasons for this include signalling, not only camouflage.[4][5]
Active camouflage is also used by many bottom-living flatfish such as plaice, sole, and flounder that actively copy the patterns and colors of the seafloor below them.[6] For example, the tropical flounder Bothus ocellatus can match its pattern to "a wide range of background textures" in 2–8 seconds.[7]
See also
References
- ↑ Kent W. McKee and David W. Tack (2007). Active Camouflage For Infantry Headwear Applications: iii.
- ↑ Kent W. McKee and David W. Tack (2007). Active Camouflage For Infantry Headwear Applications: 1.
- ↑ Midwater Squid, Abralia veranyi. Midwater Squid, Abralia veranyi (with photograph). Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. URL accessed on November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Forbes, Peter. Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage. Yale, 2009.
- ↑ Wallin, Margareta (2002). Nature's Palette. Nature's Palette: How animals, including humans, produce colours. Bioscience-explained.org. URL accessed on November 17, 2011.
- ↑ Sumner, Francis B. (May 1911). The adjustment of flatfishes to various backgrounds: A study of adaptive color change. Journal of Experimental Zoology 10 (4): 409–506.
- ↑ Ramachandran, V.S. and C. W. Tyler, R. L. Gregory, D. Rogers-Ramachandran, S. Duensing, C. Pillsbury & C. Ramachandran. Letters to Nature. Rapid adaptive camouflage in tropical flounders. Nature (journal). URL accessed on January 20, 2012.
Bibliography
- Burr, E. Godfrey. Illumination for Concealment of Ships at Night. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada Third series, volume XLI, May 1947, pages 45–54.
- George R. Lindsey. (Editor) No Day Long Enough: Canadian Science in World War II. (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, 1997), pages 172-173.
- Summary Technical Report of Division 16, NDRC. Volume 2: Visibility Studies and Some Applications in the Field of Camouflage. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, 1946), pages 14–16 and 225-241. [Declassified August 2, 1960].
- Waddington, C.H. O.R. in World War 2: Operational Research Against the U-Boat. (London: Elek Science, 1973), pages 164-167.
External links
- "Multi-perspective background simulation cloaking process and apparatus", United States Patent & Trademark Office
- "Now you see it, now you won't: Boeing lifts the veil on stealthy Bird of Prey", Jane's International Defence Review article mentioning Bird of Prey's daylight stealth capability
- "Scientist show off 'invisible coat'", The Sydney Morning Herald, March 30, 2003
- Optical Camouflage
- Phased Array Optics
- "Thermal and Visual Camouflage System Patent No 6,338,292", United States Patent & Trademark Office
- "Car that utilizes visual camouflage to change its color"
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