Psychology Wiki - Recent changes [en]

Right of self-defense

2012-05-17T19:13:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:13, May 17, 2012
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		+	{{Delete\|vandalism}}
	just through vodka bottles at them		just through vodka bottles at them

Right of self-defense

2012-05-17T15:48:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, May 17, 2012
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-	{{Delete\|vandalism}}	+	just through vodka bottles at them
-	the key to self defense is giving up or as in latin terms being a pussy haha darion jonston wrote this

User talk:Jinzler

2012-05-17T08:29:23Z

Created page with "Hi Thanks for helping out on the site. It is appreciaed ~~~~"

New page

Hi Thanks for helping out on the site. It is appreciaed [[User:Dr Joe Kiff|Dr Joe Kiff]] 08:29, May 17, 2012 (UTC)

User talk:193.137.54.80

2012-05-17T08:25:50Z

Created page with "{{welcomeNumber}}"

New page

User talk:94.123.102.208

2012-05-17T08:23:49Z

Created page with "{{WelcomeNumber}}"

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Biological determinism

2012-05-17T08:22:36Z

Biologists

2012-05-17T08:21:41Z

Redirected page to Biology

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#redirect[[Biology]]

Biological determinism

2012-05-17T08:21:01Z

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	In terms of the [[nature versus nurture]] debate, biological determinism is approximately analogous to the "nature" argument, and [[social determinism]] is similar to the "nurture" view-point. However, the tendency to see biological determinism and social determinism as polar opposites is rather misleading. Indeed, the two theories are similar in that they postulate that behaviour is, at least to some extent, pre-determined. In this sense the opposite of the biological and social determinism theories, could be said to be that of randomness i.e. the theory that there are no factors which influence behaviour (c.f. [[free will]]). The key difference between the theories of biological and social determinism lies in their appraisal of the extent to which a variety of factors may influence behaviour.		In terms of the [[nature versus nurture]] debate, biological determinism is approximately analogous to the "nature" argument, and [[social determinism]] is similar to the "nurture" view-point. However, the tendency to see biological determinism and social determinism as polar opposites is rather misleading. Indeed, the two theories are similar in that they postulate that behaviour is, at least to some extent, pre-determined. In this sense the opposite of the biological and social determinism theories, could be said to be that of randomness i.e. the theory that there are no factors which influence behaviour (c.f. [[free will]]). The key difference between the theories of biological and social determinism lies in their appraisal of the extent to which a variety of factors may influence behaviour.
-		+	{{Philmind}}
	A critique has been developed against the uncritical use of biological determinism or biology as ideology (something that has been termed "biologism"). The most famous book on the subject is [[Richard Lewontin]]'s ''Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA'' (1991). Lewontin argued that while traditional Darwinism has portrayed the organism as passive recipient of environmental influences, a correct understanding should emphasize the organism as an active constructer of its own environment. Niches are not pre-formed, empty receptacles into which organisms are inserted, but are defined and created by organisms. The organism-environment relationship is reciprocal and dialectical.		A critique has been developed against the uncritical use of biological determinism or biology as ideology (something that has been termed "biologism"). The most famous book on the subject is [[Richard Lewontin]]'s ''Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA'' (1991). Lewontin argued that while traditional Darwinism has portrayed the organism as passive recipient of environmental influences, a correct understanding should emphasize the organism as an active constructer of its own environment. Niches are not pre-formed, empty receptacles into which organisms are inserted, but are defined and created by organisms. The organism-environment relationship is reciprocal and dialectical.

Biologism

2012-05-17T08:20:29Z

Redirected page to Biological determinism

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#redirect[[Biological determinism]]

Template:Philmind

2012-05-17T08:20:09Z

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	\| style="padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;text-align:left;" \|		\| style="padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;text-align:left;" \|
		+	*[[Biological determinism]]
		+	*[[Biologism]]
	*[[Bodymind]]		*[[Bodymind]]
	*[[Consciousness studies]]		*[[Consciousness studies]]

Biological determinism

2012-05-17T08:16:29Z

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	[[Image:Criminal_brains.jpg\|thumb\|A 1920s display comparing brain types to criminality.]]		[[Image:Criminal_brains.jpg\|thumb\|A 1920s display comparing brain types to criminality.]]

-	'''Biological determinism''' is the [[hypothesis]] that biological factors such as an organism's individual genes (as opposed to social or environmental factors) completely determine how a [[system]] behaves or changes over time.	+	'''Biological determination''' (also '''biologism''') is the interpretation of humans and human life from a strictly biological point of view, and it is closely related to [[genetic determinism]]. Another definition is that biological determinism is the [[hypothesis]] that biological factors such as an organism's individual genes (as opposed to social or environmental factors) completely determine how a [[system]] behaves or changes over time.

-	Consider certain human behaviors, such as having a particular [[sexual orientation]], committing [[murder]], or writing [[poetry]]. A biological determinist would look only at innate factors, such as [[genotype\|genetic makeup]], in deciding whether or not a given person would exhibit these behaviors. They would ignore non-innate factors, such as social [[convention (norm)\|custom]]s and expectations, [[education]], and physical [[natural environment\|environment]].	+	Consider certain human behaviors, such as having a particular taste in [[music]], committing [[murder]], or writing [[poetry]]. A biological determinist would posit that such behaviours, and personality traits in general, are mediated primarily by biological factors, such as [[genotype\|genetic makeup]]. An extreme variant of biological determinism might assert that an organism's behavior is determined entirely by biological factors, and that all of these factors are innate to that organism e.g. [[DNA]]. By asserting that biological factors are the primary determinants of behaviour, biological determinism implies of course that non-biological factors, such as social [[convention (norm)\|custom]]s, expectations and [[education]], have less or no effect on behaviour. Similarly, a variant of biological determinism might consider non-innate biological factors, such as the biological aspects of an organism's environment, to have a lesser effect on the organism's behaviour than innate biological factors.

-	Very few scientists would wholly support the strong thesis of biological determinism. However, some may believe that biological factors primarily determine a system in normal environments. ''Biological determinism'' is used to explain basic instincts such as chicks following their mother or babies crying for food. Proponents of this more limited position are nonetheless frequently charged with supporting biological determinism.	+	[[Biologists]] sometimes regard a charge of biological determinism as a [[straw man]], as there is currently no support for strict biological determinism in the field of [[genetics]] or [[Developmental biology\|development]], and virtually no support among [[geneticists]] for the strong thesis of biological determinism. However, individual scientists may disagree as to the role that genetic and environmental factors play. Modern genetics, in large part, is concerned with studying the dialogue between genes and environment.

-	Biological determinism is the opposite of [[social determinism]].	+	In terms of the [[nature versus nurture]] debate, biological determinism is approximately analogous to the "nature" argument, and [[social determinism]] is similar to the "nurture" view-point. However, the tendency to see biological determinism and social determinism as polar opposites is rather misleading. Indeed, the two theories are similar in that they postulate that behaviour is, at least to some extent, pre-determined. In this sense the opposite of the biological and social determinism theories, could be said to be that of randomness i.e. the theory that there are no factors which influence behaviour (c.f. [[free will]]). The key difference between the theories of biological and social determinism lies in their appraisal of the extent to which a variety of factors may influence behaviour.

-	== See also ==	+	A critique has been developed against the uncritical use of biological determinism or biology as ideology (something that has been termed "biologism"). The most famous book on the subject is [[Richard Lewontin]]'s ''Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA'' (1991). Lewontin argued that while traditional Darwinism has portrayed the organism as passive recipient of environmental influences, a correct understanding should emphasize the organism as an active constructer of its own environment. Niches are not pre-formed, empty receptacles into which organisms are inserted, but are defined and created by organisms. The organism-environment relationship is reciprocal and dialectical.

		+	Proponents of eugenics, based on biological determinism, wanted to improve the human species through compulsory sterilization of criminals, the mentally retarded, and others deemed social misfits.
		+
		+	== See also ==
		+	* [[Anthropological criminology]]
		+	* [[Biological determination (sociology)]]
		+	* [[Epigenetics]]
		+	* [[Embodiment]]
	* [[Environmental determinism]]		* [[Environmental determinism]]
	* [[Eugenics]]		* [[Eugenics]]
		+	* [[Evolutionary psychology]]
	* [[Genetic determinism]]		* [[Genetic determinism]]
	* [[Nature versus nurture]]		* [[Nature versus nurture]]
	* [[Sociobiology]]		* [[Sociobiology]]
	* [[Social determinism]]		* [[Social determinism]]
		+	* [[Mudsill theory]]
		+
		+	== References ==
		+	<references/>
		+
		+	== Further reading ==
		+	* Tallis, R (2011). Aping Mankind.Acumen Publishing. ISBN-10: 1844652726. ISBN-13: 978-1844652723
		+	* Velden, Manfred (2010). ''Biologism: The consequence of an illusion''. Göttingen: V&R unipress. ISBN 978-3-89971-748-8
		+
		+	{{Determinism}}

	[[Category:Sociology]]		[[Category:Sociology]]
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	[[Category:Philosophy of science]]		[[Category:Philosophy of science]]

		+	!--
	[[bg:биологичен детерминизъм]]		[[bg:биологичен детерминизъм]]
		+	-->
		+

-	{{genetics-stub}}
-	{{anthropology-stub}}
	{{enWP\|Biological determinism}}		{{enWP\|Biological determinism}}

Right of self-defense

2012-05-16T20:09:28Z

Please delete

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:09, May 16, 2012
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	the key to self defense is giving up or as in latin terms being a pussy haha darion jonston wrote this		the key to self defense is giving up or as in latin terms being a pussy haha darion jonston wrote this

User talk:66.199.211.2

2012-05-16T20:08:02Z

Created page with "==Warning== Please do not vandalize the site in future, or else an administrator will block you. Cheers. --~~~~"

New page

==Warning==
Please do not vandalize the site in future, or else an administrator will block you. Cheers. --[[User:Jinzler|Jinzler]] 20:08, May 16, 2012 (UTC)

Category:Language & communication

2012-05-16T20:06:27Z

reverting vandalism

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:06, May 16, 2012
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-	ANUS	+	{{Browsebar}}
		+	{{Indexpage}}
		+
	{{Main\|Introduction to language & communication}}		{{Main\|Introduction to language & communication}}

-	Language, the transmitter of culture, and with it, much of our psychological make up. [[Vygotsky]] called language a 'Tool of Intellectual Adaptation'. GARGOIL IS GROSS. Our language allows us to have verbal thoughts, and with our thoughts we make the world.	+	Language, the transmitter of culture, and with it, much of our psychological make up. [[Vygotsky]] called language a 'Tool of Intellectual Adaptation'. Our language allows us to have verbal thoughts, and with our thoughts we make the world.
-	anal canal is super moist	+

	*[[Language: History and evolution of speech and language]]		*[[Language: History and evolution of speech and language]]

Women's rights

2012-05-16T20:05:38Z

Undo revision 145448 by 66.199.211.2 (talk) - reverting vandalism

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:05, May 16, 2012
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	{{SocPsy}}		{{SocPsy}}
-	{{rights}}why do women bitch way too much go make dinner!	+	{{rights}}
		+
		+	The term '''women’s rights''' typically refers to [[Freedom (political)\|freedoms]] inherently possessed by women and girls of all ages, which may be institutionalized or ignored and/or illegitimately suppressed by law or custom in a particular society. These liberties are grouped together and differentiated from broader notions of [[human rights]] because they often differ from the freedoms inherently possessed by and/or recognized for men and boys, and because activism surrounding this issue claims an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women.
		+
		+	Feminism and most modern sociological theory maintain that the differences between men and women are, at least in part, socially constructed 'differences' , (i.e. determined through history by specific human groups), rather than biologically determined, immutable conditions. See articles about [[women]], the term some feminists see as a "gender unbiased term."
		+
		+	Issues commonly associated with notions of women's rights include, though are not limited to:
		+	* The right to bodily integrity and autonomy,
		+	* The right to [[suffrage\|vote]],
		+	* The right to hold public office,
		+	* The right to work,
		+	* The right to [[equal pay\|fair wages]],
		+	* The right to own [[property]],
		+	* The right to [[education]],
		+	* [[marriage\|Marital]] rights,
		+	* [[parenting\|Parental]] rights,
		+	* [[Religious]] rights,
		+	* The right to serve in the [[military]], and
		+	* The right to enter into legal [[contracts]].
		+
		+
		+	==Notable women’s rights activists==
		+
		+	<gallery>
		+	Image:Luisa_Capetillo.JPG \| [[Luisa Capetillo]]
		+	Image:Susan_B_Anthony_Older_Years.gif \| [[Susan B. Anthony]]
		+	</gallery>
		+	* [[Guru Nanak]] (1469-1539) The founder of [[Sikhism]] is believed to the first male leader to promote [[Women in Sikhism\|equal rights for Women]].
		+
		+	*[[Sor Juana]] (c. 1651-1695) - [[Mexico\|Mexican]] [[nun]], scholar, and proponent of women’s education
		+
		+	*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1759-1797) - author of ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Women]],'' advocate of women’s equality and rationality
		+
		+	*[[Táhirih]] (?-1852) - [[Bábí]] poet, theologian, and proponent of women's rights in 19th-century [[Iran]].
		+
		+	*[[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] (1815-1902) - [[United States\|American]] social activist, abolitionist, and suffragette, organizer of the [[1848 Women's Rights Convention]], co-founder of the [[National Woman's Suffrage Association]] and the [[International Council of Women]]
		+
		+	*[[Susan B. Anthony]] (1820-1906) - [[United States\|American]] civil rights leader and suffragette, co-founder of the [[National Woman's Suffrage Association]], tried for casting a vote in the [[United States presidential election, 1872\|1872 presidential election]]
		+
		+	*[[Jyotiba Phule]] (1827-1890) - [[India\|Indian]] social reformer, critic of the [[Indian caste system\|caste system]], founded a school for girls, a widow-remarriage initiative, a home for upper caste widows, and a home for infant girls to discourage female infanticide
		+
		+	*[[Marianne Hainisch]] (1839-1936) - [[Austria\|Austrian]] activist, proponent of women’s right to work and to receive education
		+
		+	*[[Kate Sheppard]] (1847-1934) - [[New Zealand]] suffragette, influential in winning voting rights for women in 1893 (the first national election in which women were allowed to vote)
		+
		+	*[[Emmeline Pankhurst]] (1858 – 1928) was one of the founders of the [[United Kingdom\|British]] [[suffragette]] movement
		+
		+	*[[Ida B. Wells]] (1862-1931) - [[United States\|American]] civil rights and anti-[[lynching]] activist, suffragette noted for her refusal to avoid media attention because she was [[African American]]
		+
		+	*[[Qasim Amin]] (1863-1908) - [[Egypt\|Egyptian]] jurist, early advocate of women’s rights in [[Islam\|Islamic]] society
		+
		+	*[[Kartini\|Raden Adjeng Kartini]] (1879-1904) - [[Javanese]] advocate for native [[Indonesia\|Indonesian]] women, critic of polygamous marriages and lack of education opportunities for women
		+
		+	*[[Luisa Capetillo]] (1879-1922) - [[Puerto Rico\|Puerto Rican]] [[trade union\|labor union]] suffragette; jailed for wearing pants in public
		+
		+	*[[Hoda Shaarawi]] (1879-1947) - Egyptian feminist, organizer for the Mubarrat Muhammad Ali (women’s social service organization), the Union of Educated Egyption Women and the Wafdist Women’s Central Committee, founder and first president of the [[Egyptian Feminist Union]]
		+
		+	*[[Dora Russell]] (1894-1986) - British progressive campaigner, advocate of marriage reform, birth control and female emancipation
		+
		+	*[[Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan]] (1905-1990) - [[India\|Indian]] - [[Pakistan\|Pakistani]] activist, founder of the All Pakistan Women’s Association, organizer of women’s nursing and first aid corps to help refugees in Delhi despite public resistance to women working outside the home
		+
		+	*[[Susan Fauer]] (1941 –) was one of the founders of the Women's Free Trade Movement
		+
		+	*[[Shirin Ebadi]] (1947-) On December 10, 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women and children.
		+
		+	*[[Unity Dow]] (born 1959) - judge and writer from [[Botswana]], plaintiff in a case that allowed children of [[Motswana]] women and foreign men to be considered [[Batswana]].
		+
		+	*[[Nawal el-Saadawi]] (born 1931) - Egyptian writer and doctor, advocate for women’s health and equality
		+
		+	*[[Carolyn Egan]] (birthdate unknown) - [[Canada\|Canadian]]-American trade unionist and feminist, advocate for women’s reproductive rights, including access to birth control, abortion, and sex education
		+
		+	*[[Shamima Shaikh]] (1960-1998) - [[South Africa\|South African]] activist, member of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa, proponent of Islamic gender equality
		+
		+	==See also==
		+	* [[Equal Rights Amendment]] (ERA)
		+	* [[Feminism]] - the core ideology behind women's rights
		+	* [[International Women's Rights Action Watch]] ([[IWRAW]])
		+	* [[Legal rights of women in history]]
		+	* [[Reproductive rights]] - within "women's rights," issues
		+	regarding "reproductive freedom"
		+	* The [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] (CEDAW)
		+	* [[List of suffragists and suffragettes]]
		+	* [[List of democracy and elections-related topics]]
		+	* [[suffragette]]
		+	* [[League of Women Voters]]
		+	* [[National Woman's Suffrage Association]]
		+	* [[Seneca Falls Convention]], [[Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments]]
		+	* ''[[The New Northwest]]''
		+	* [[Women in the Victorian Era]]
		+	* [[Women in Sikhism]]
		+	* [[Women's political rights in Bahrain]]
		+	* [[Section Twenty-eight of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]
		+	* [[Women's suffrage in South Carolina]]
		+	* [[Women's suffrage]]
		+	* [[Women in Islam]]
		+	*[[Teaching for social justice]]
		+
		+	==External links==
		+	* [http://roedepot.com Roe Depot ~ a forum on reproductive rights & alternative birth control]
		+	* [http://www.ansarburney.org/ Ansar Burney Trust] working for women's rights in the Middle East
		+	* [http://www.hrw.org/women/ Human Rights Watch: Women's Rights]
		+	* [http://www.omct.org/index.php?id=EQL&lang=eng World Organization Against Torture: No Violence Against Women]
		+	* [http://othello.alma.edu/~07tmhopk/womeninthechurch.html Women in the (Christian) Church] essay arguing against ordination of women in the Christian church
		+	* [http://www.loadedissues.com Women's Rights]
		+	* [http://www.intifada-des-perles.org/index_017.htm How parental rights are not granted to women when it comes to divorce and children's movement]
		+	* [http://www.legalferret.com Weaver v NATFHE (now part of UCU)]race discrimination case. Union's policy of not providing complainants of racist harassment with advice and assistance because the person accused of harassment could lose his job upheld by Industrial Tribunal. Employment Appeal Tribunal upheld this decision and extended it to cases of sexist harassment.
		+
		+	== References ==
		+
		+	<references/>
		+
	[[Category:Women's rights\| ]]		[[Category:Women's rights\| ]]
		+
		+	:es:Derechos de la mujer
		+	:fr:Droits des femmes
		+	:pt:Direitos da Mulher
		+	{{enWP\|Women's rights}}

Category:Language & communication

2012-05-16T18:24:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:24, May 16, 2012
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-	{{Browsebar}}	+	ANUS
-	{{Indexpage}}
-
	{{Main\|Introduction to language & communication}}		{{Main\|Introduction to language & communication}}

-	Language, the transmitter of culture, and with it, much of our psychological make up. [[Vygotsky]] called language a 'Tool of Intellectual Adaptation'. Our language allows us to have verbal thoughts, and with our thoughts we make the world.	+	Language, the transmitter of culture, and with it, much of our psychological make up. [[Vygotsky]] called language a 'Tool of Intellectual Adaptation'. GARGOIL IS GROSS. Our language allows us to have verbal thoughts, and with our thoughts we make the world.
-		+	anal canal is super moist

	*[[Language: History and evolution of speech and language]]		*[[Language: History and evolution of speech and language]]

Right of self-defense

2012-05-16T18:19:07Z

New page

the key to self defense is giving up or as in latin terms being a pussy haha darion jonston wrote this

Women's rights

2012-05-16T15:52:10Z

Replaced content with "{{SocPsy}} {{rights}}why do women bitch way too much go make dinner! "

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:52, May 16, 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{SocPsy}}		{{SocPsy}}
-	{{rights}}	+	{{rights}}why do women bitch way too much go make dinner!
-
-	The term '''women’s rights''' typically refers to [[Freedom (political)\|freedoms]] inherently possessed by women and girls of all ages, which may be institutionalized or ignored and/or illegitimately suppressed by law or custom in a particular society. These liberties are grouped together and differentiated from broader notions of [[human rights]] because they often differ from the freedoms inherently possessed by and/or recognized for men and boys, and because activism surrounding this issue claims an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women.
-
-	Feminism and most modern sociological theory maintain that the differences between men and women are, at least in part, socially constructed 'differences' , (i.e. determined through history by specific human groups), rather than biologically determined, immutable conditions. See articles about [[women]], the term some feminists see as a "gender unbiased term."
-
-	Issues commonly associated with notions of women's rights include, though are not limited to:
-	* The right to bodily integrity and autonomy,
-	* The right to [[suffrage\|vote]],
-	* The right to hold public office,
-	* The right to work,
-	* The right to [[equal pay\|fair wages]],
-	* The right to own [[property]],
-	* The right to [[education]],
-	* [[marriage\|Marital]] rights,
-	* [[parenting\|Parental]] rights,
-	* [[Religious]] rights,
-	* The right to serve in the [[military]], and
-	* The right to enter into legal [[contracts]].
-
-
-	==Notable women’s rights activists==
-
-	<gallery>
-	Image:Luisa_Capetillo.JPG \| [[Luisa Capetillo]]
-	Image:Susan_B_Anthony_Older_Years.gif \| [[Susan B. Anthony]]
-	</gallery>
-	* [[Guru Nanak]] (1469-1539) The founder of [[Sikhism]] is believed to the first male leader to promote [[Women in Sikhism\|equal rights for Women]].
-
-	*[[Sor Juana]] (c. 1651-1695) - [[Mexico\|Mexican]] [[nun]], scholar, and proponent of women’s education
-
-	*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1759-1797) - author of ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Women]],'' advocate of women’s equality and rationality
-
-	*[[Táhirih]] (?-1852) - [[Bábí]] poet, theologian, and proponent of women's rights in 19th-century [[Iran]].
-
-	*[[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] (1815-1902) - [[United States\|American]] social activist, abolitionist, and suffragette, organizer of the [[1848 Women's Rights Convention]], co-founder of the [[National Woman's Suffrage Association]] and the [[International Council of Women]]
-
-	*[[Susan B. Anthony]] (1820-1906) - [[United States\|American]] civil rights leader and suffragette, co-founder of the [[National Woman's Suffrage Association]], tried for casting a vote in the [[United States presidential election, 1872\|1872 presidential election]]
-
-	*[[Jyotiba Phule]] (1827-1890) - [[India\|Indian]] social reformer, critic of the [[Indian caste system\|caste system]], founded a school for girls, a widow-remarriage initiative, a home for upper caste widows, and a home for infant girls to discourage female infanticide
-
-	*[[Marianne Hainisch]] (1839-1936) - [[Austria\|Austrian]] activist, proponent of women’s right to work and to receive education
-
-	*[[Kate Sheppard]] (1847-1934) - [[New Zealand]] suffragette, influential in winning voting rights for women in 1893 (the first national election in which women were allowed to vote)
-
-	*[[Emmeline Pankhurst]] (1858 – 1928) was one of the founders of the [[United Kingdom\|British]] [[suffragette]] movement
-
-	*[[Ida B. Wells]] (1862-1931) - [[United States\|American]] civil rights and anti-[[lynching]] activist, suffragette noted for her refusal to avoid media attention because she was [[African American]]
-
-	*[[Qasim Amin]] (1863-1908) - [[Egypt\|Egyptian]] jurist, early advocate of women’s rights in [[Islam\|Islamic]] society
-
-	*[[Kartini\|Raden Adjeng Kartini]] (1879-1904) - [[Javanese]] advocate for native [[Indonesia\|Indonesian]] women, critic of polygamous marriages and lack of education opportunities for women
-
-	*[[Luisa Capetillo]] (1879-1922) - [[Puerto Rico\|Puerto Rican]] [[trade union\|labor union]] suffragette; jailed for wearing pants in public
-
-	*[[Hoda Shaarawi]] (1879-1947) - Egyptian feminist, organizer for the Mubarrat Muhammad Ali (women’s social service organization), the Union of Educated Egyption Women and the Wafdist Women’s Central Committee, founder and first president of the [[Egyptian Feminist Union]]
-
-	*[[Dora Russell]] (1894-1986) - British progressive campaigner, advocate of marriage reform, birth control and female emancipation
-
-	*[[Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan]] (1905-1990) - [[India\|Indian]] - [[Pakistan\|Pakistani]] activist, founder of the All Pakistan Women’s Association, organizer of women’s nursing and first aid corps to help refugees in Delhi despite public resistance to women working outside the home
-
-	*[[Susan Fauer]] (1941 –) was one of the founders of the Women's Free Trade Movement
-
-	*[[Shirin Ebadi]] (1947-) On December 10, 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women and children.
-
-	*[[Unity Dow]] (born 1959) - judge and writer from [[Botswana]], plaintiff in a case that allowed children of [[Motswana]] women and foreign men to be considered [[Batswana]].
-
-	*[[Nawal el-Saadawi]] (born 1931) - Egyptian writer and doctor, advocate for women’s health and equality
-
-	*[[Carolyn Egan]] (birthdate unknown) - [[Canada\|Canadian]]-American trade unionist and feminist, advocate for women’s reproductive rights, including access to birth control, abortion, and sex education
-
-	*[[Shamima Shaikh]] (1960-1998) - [[South Africa\|South African]] activist, member of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa, proponent of Islamic gender equality
-
-	==See also==
-	* [[Equal Rights Amendment]] (ERA)
-	* [[Feminism]] - the core ideology behind women's rights
-	* [[International Women's Rights Action Watch]] ([[IWRAW]])
-	* [[Legal rights of women in history]]
-	* [[Reproductive rights]] - within "women's rights," issues
-	regarding "reproductive freedom"
-	* The [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] (CEDAW)
-	* [[List of suffragists and suffragettes]]
-	* [[List of democracy and elections-related topics]]
-	* [[suffragette]]
-	* [[League of Women Voters]]
-	* [[National Woman's Suffrage Association]]
-	* [[Seneca Falls Convention]], [[Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments]]
-	* ''[[The New Northwest]]''
-	* [[Women in the Victorian Era]]
-	* [[Women in Sikhism]]
-	* [[Women's political rights in Bahrain]]
-	* [[Section Twenty-eight of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]
-	* [[Women's suffrage in South Carolina]]
-	* [[Women's suffrage]]
-	* [[Women in Islam]]
-	*[[Teaching for social justice]]
-
-	==External links==
-	* [http://roedepot.com Roe Depot ~ a forum on reproductive rights & alternative birth control]
-	* [http://www.ansarburney.org/ Ansar Burney Trust] working for women's rights in the Middle East
-	* [http://www.hrw.org/women/ Human Rights Watch: Women's Rights]
-	* [http://www.omct.org/index.php?id=EQL&lang=eng World Organization Against Torture: No Violence Against Women]
-	* [http://othello.alma.edu/~07tmhopk/womeninthechurch.html Women in the (Christian) Church] essay arguing against ordination of women in the Christian church
-	* [http://www.loadedissues.com Women's Rights]
-	* [http://www.intifada-des-perles.org/index_017.htm How parental rights are not granted to women when it comes to divorce and children's movement]
-	* [http://www.legalferret.com Weaver v NATFHE (now part of UCU)]race discrimination case. Union's policy of not providing complainants of racist harassment with advice and assistance because the person accused of harassment could lose his job upheld by Industrial Tribunal. Employment Appeal Tribunal upheld this decision and extended it to cases of sexist harassment.
-
-	== References ==
-
-	<references/>
-
	[[Category:Women's rights\| ]]		[[Category:Women's rights\| ]]
-
-	:es:Derechos de la mujer
-	:fr:Droits des femmes
-	:pt:Direitos da Mulher
-	{{enWP\|Women's rights}}

User:24.68.141.203

2012-05-16T13:42:40Z

blocked [[24.68.141.203 (Talk)]] with an expiry time of 3 months (anonymous users only, account creation disabled) Inserting nonsense/gibberish into pages

Free medical journals

2012-05-16T11:01:54Z

Free Medical Journals:

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:01, May 16, 2012
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	== Free Medical Journals ==		== Free Medical Journals ==
-	Free Medical Journals (http://freemedicaljournals.com/htm/index.htm) is a useful site that shows a list of more than 1380 medical journals that are available free and in full text on the Internet. Clicking on the link to a journal will take you directly to the homepage of that journal. Names of those journals that are indexed in Medline are given in bold. The journals of different languages (you can translate a web page into English using any of the translation tools available on the net, such as Google’s language tool - http://www.google.com/language_tools) are arranged alphabetically and are also sorted out by specialty. There are 25 journals (including IJP) listed under Pharmacology. Some Pharmacology journals are also listed under Pharmacy. The site also tells, in case of journals whose current issue is not freely available, how much time after publication it will be available online. If you wish to be informed by email about new free journals, you may subscribe to the Journal Alert.	+	Free Medical Journals (http://freemedicaljournals.com/htm/index.htm) is a useful site that shows a list of more than 3000 medical journals that are available free and in full text on the Internet. Clicking on the link to a journal will take you directly to the homepage of that journal. Names of those journals that are indexed in Medline are given in bold. The journals of different languages (you can translate a web page into English using any of the translation tools available on the net, such as Google’s language tool - http://www.google.com/language_tools) are arranged alphabetically and are also sorted out by specialty. There are 102 journals (including IJP) listed under 'Pharmacy and Pharmacology'. The site also tells, in case of journals whose current issue is not freely available, how much time after publication it will be available online. If you wish to be informed by email about new free journals, you may subscribe to the Journal Alert.

	In addition to this the site has some other very useful links. Through the amedeo link you can subscribe to a weekly newsletter giving an overview of new articles on your topic of interest, which have been published recently in your personal journal subset, and a weekly update of your Personal AMEDEO Web page displaying the abstracts of those articles. There is also a literature search facility. It further links to GoldenLinks4Doctors page that has links to sixty very useful medical websites. The Books link has links to more than 600 medical books which are freely available in full text online sorted by specialty. There are 19 books on Pharmacology.		In addition to this the site has some other very useful links. Through the amedeo link you can subscribe to a weekly newsletter giving an overview of new articles on your topic of interest, which have been published recently in your personal journal subset, and a weekly update of your Personal AMEDEO Web page displaying the abstracts of those articles. There is also a literature search facility. It further links to GoldenLinks4Doctors page that has links to sixty very useful medical websites. The Books link has links to more than 600 medical books which are freely available in full text online sorted by specialty. There are 19 books on Pharmacology.

Adaptive testing

2012-05-16T00:45:32Z

Reverted edits by 94.123.102.208 (talk | block) to last version by 50.77.233.206

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	# The pool of available items is searched for the optimal item, based on the examinee's current [[ability]] estimate		# The pool of available items is searched for the optimal item, based on the examinee's current [[ability]] estimate
	# The chosen item is presented to the examinee, who then answers it correctly or incorrectly		# The chosen item is presented to the examinee, who then answers it correctly or incorrectly
-	# The ability estimate is updated, based upon all prior answers for maximum likelihood	+	# The ability estimate is updated, based upon all prior answers
	# Steps 1–3 are repeated until a termination criterion is met		# Steps 1–3 are repeated until a termination criterion is met

Adaptive testing

2012-05-15T19:56:42Z

How CAT works:

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, May 15, 2012
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	# The pool of available items is searched for the optimal item, based on the examinee's current [[ability]] estimate		# The pool of available items is searched for the optimal item, based on the examinee's current [[ability]] estimate
	# The chosen item is presented to the examinee, who then answers it correctly or incorrectly		# The chosen item is presented to the examinee, who then answers it correctly or incorrectly
-	# The ability estimate is updated, based upon all prior answers	+	# The ability estimate is updated, based upon all prior answers for maximum likelihood
	# Steps 1–3 are repeated until a termination criterion is met		# Steps 1–3 are repeated until a termination criterion is met

Syrinx (bird anatomy)

2012-05-15T11:51:24Z

Created page with "{{BioPsy}} '''Schematic drawing of an avian syrinx'''<br />1: last free cartilaginous [[tracheal ring, 2: tympanum, 3: first group of..."

New page

{{BioPsy}}

[[Image:Syrinx.jpg|right|framed|'''Schematic drawing of an avian syrinx'''<br />1: last free cartilaginous [[tracheal ring]],
2: [[tympanum]],
3: first group of syringeal rings,
4: [[pessulus]],
5: membrana tympaniformis lateralis,
6: membrana tympaniformis medialis,
7: second group of syringeal rings,
8: [[main bronchus]],
9: bronchial cartilage]]
[[Image:PigeonAnatomy_cropped_1.png|thumb|220px|Syrinx (serial 5) seen just below the [[Crop_(anatomy)|crop]].]]

'''Syrinx''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] σύριγξ for pan pipes) is the name for the [[vocal organ]] of [[bird]]s.

Located at the base of a bird's [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]], it produces sounds without the [[vocal cords]] of mammals.<ref name="Terres">{{cite book| last =Terres| first =J. K.| authorlink =John Kenneth Terres| title =The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds| publisher =Knopf| date =1980| location =New York, NY| isbn = 0-394-46651-9| page = 995 }}</ref>

The sound is produced by [[vibrations]] of some or all of the ''membrana tympaniformis'' (the walls of the syrinx) and the ''[[pessulus]]'' caused by air flowing through the syrinx. This sets up a self-oscillating system which modulates the airflow creating the sound. The muscles modulate the sound shape by changing the tension of the membranes and the bronchial openings.<ref>[http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/205/1/25 Direct observation of syringeal muscle function in songbirds and a parrot] Ole Næsbye Larsen and Franz Goller, The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 25-35 (2002)</ref> The syrinx enables some species of birds (such as [[parrot]]s, [[crow]]s, and [[myna]]s) to [[mimic]] human speech. Unlike the [[larynx]] of mammals, the syrinx is located where the trachea forks into the lungs, and because of this some [[songbirds]] can produce more than one sound at a time.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

==See also==
* [[Bird call]]
* [[Bird songs]]
* [[Lateralization of bird song]]
* [[Talking bird]]
* [[Whistling]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bird anatomy]]



{{enWP|Syrinx (bird anatomy)}}

Syrinx (biology)

2012-05-15T11:48:17Z

Redirected page to Syrinx (bird anatomy)

New page

#redirect[[Syrinx (bird anatomy)]]

Bird vocalization

2012-05-15T11:45:41Z

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	{{CompPsy}}		{{CompPsy}}
-	:''"Bird song" redirects here. For other uses, see [[Birdsong]].''	+
	[[Image:Solsort.jpg\|thumb\|right\|350px\|A male Blackbird (''[[Turdus merula]]'') singing. Bogense havn, Funen, Denmark. {{audio\|Turdus merula male song at dawn(20s).ogg\|Blackbird song recorded at Lille, France}}]]		[[Image:Solsort.jpg\|thumb\|right\|350px\|A male Blackbird (''[[Turdus merula]]'') singing. Bogense havn, Funen, Denmark. {{audio\|Turdus merula male song at dawn(20s).ogg\|Blackbird song recorded at Lille, France}}]]

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	Bird song is an integral part of bird courtship and is a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism involved in the process of [[speciation]]. Many allopatric sub-species show differences in calls. These differences are sometimes minute, often detectable only in the sonograms. Song differences in addition to other taxonomic attributes have been used in the identification of new species.<ref>Alström, P. & Ranft, R. 2003. The use of sounds in avian systematics, and the importance of bird sound archives. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club Supplement 123A: 114–135.</ref> The use of calls has led to proposals for splitting of species complexes such as those of the ''[[Mirafra]]'' Bushlarks.<ref>Alström, P. (1998) Taxonomy of the Mirafra assamica complex. Forktail 13: 97-107 [http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/13pdfs/Alstrom-Mirafra.pdf PDF]</ref>		Bird song is an integral part of bird courtship and is a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism involved in the process of [[speciation]]. Many allopatric sub-species show differences in calls. These differences are sometimes minute, often detectable only in the sonograms. Song differences in addition to other taxonomic attributes have been used in the identification of new species.<ref>Alström, P. & Ranft, R. 2003. The use of sounds in avian systematics, and the importance of bird sound archives. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club Supplement 123A: 114–135.</ref> The use of calls has led to proposals for splitting of species complexes such as those of the ''[[Mirafra]]'' Bushlarks.<ref>Alström, P. (1998) Taxonomy of the Mirafra assamica complex. Forktail 13: 97-107 [http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/13pdfs/Alstrom-Mirafra.pdf PDF]</ref>

-	==Bird song and music==	+	==Prominent workers in the field==
-	Some musicologists believe that birdsong has had a large influence on the development of music.<ref>Matthew Head, Birdsong and the Origins of Music, Journal of the Royal Musical Association, Vol. 122, No. 1 (1997), 1-23 </ref> Although the extent of this influence is impossible to gauge,<ref>Clark, Suzannah. 2001. Music Theory and Natural Order from the Renaissance to the Early Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press.</ref> it is sometimes easy to see some of the specific ways composers have integrated birdsong with music.	+	*[[Masakazu Konishi]]
-
-	There seem to be three general ways musicians or composers can be affected by birdsong: they can be influenced or inspired (consciously or unconsciously) by birdsong, they can include intentional imitations of bird song in a composition, or they can incorporate recordings of birds into their works.
-
-	One early example of a composition that imitates birdsong is [[Janequin]]'s "Le Chant Des Oiseaux", written in the 16th century.
-	Other composers who have quoted birds or have used birdsong as a compositional springboard include [[Heinrich Ignaz Biber\|Biber]] (''Sonata Representativa''), [[Beethoven]] (''Sixth Symphony''), [[Wagner]] (''Siegfried'') and the jazz musicians [[Paul Winter]] (''Flyway'') and Jeff Silverbush (''Grandma Mickey'').<ref>[http://www.jeffsilverbush.com/compactdiscs.html Jeff Silverbush]</ref>
-
-	The twentieth-century French composer [[Olivier Messiaen]] composed with birdsong extensively. His Catalogue d'Oiseaux is a seven-book set of solo piano pieces based upon birdsong. His orchestral piece ''Réveil des Oiseaux'' is composed almost entirely of birdsong. Many of his other compositions, including ''[[Quatuor pour la fin du temps]]'', similarly integrate birdsong.<ref>Griffiths, A Technique for the End of Time (1985)</ref>
-
-	The Italian composer [[Ottorino Respighi]], with his ''[[Pini di Roma\|The Pines of Rome]]'' (1923–1924), may have been the first to compose a piece of music that calls for pre-recorded birdsong. A few years later, Respighi wrote ''Gli Uccelli'' ("The birds"), based on Baroque pieces imitating birds.
-
-	The Finnish composer [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]] in 1972 wrote an orchestral piece of music called ''Cantus Arcticus'' (Opus 61, dubbed ''Concerto for Birds and Orchestra'') making extensive use of pre-recorded birdsongs from Arctic regions, such as migrating [[swan]]s.
-
-	The American jazz musician [[Eric Dolphy]] sometimes listened to birds while he practiced flute. He claimed to have incorporated bird song into some of his improvisational music.
-
-	In the [[psychedelic]] era of the 1960s and 1970's, many rock bands included [[sound effects]] in their recordings. Birds were a popular choice. The English band [[Pink Floyd]] included bird sound effects in many of the songs from their 1969 albums ''[[Music From the Film More\|More]]'' and ''[[Ummagumma]]'' (for example, [[Grantchester Meadows (song)\|Grantchester Meadows]]). Similarly, the English singer [[Kate Bush]] incorporated bird sound effects into much of the music on her 2005 album, [[Aerial (album)\|Aerial]].
-
-	The [[Music hall]] artist [[Ronnie Ronalde]] has gained notoriety for his whistling imitations of birds and for integrating birdsong with human song. His songs 'In A Monastery Garden' and 'If I Were A Blackbird' include imitations of the [[blackbird]], his "signature bird."{{Fact\|date=November 2007}}
-
-	The French composer [[François-Bernard Mâche]] has been credited with the creation of [[zoomusicology]], the study of the music of animals. His essay ''Musique, mythe, nature, ou les Dauphins d'Arion'' (1983) includes a study of "ornitho-musicology", in which he speaks of "animal musics" and a longing to connect with nature.
-
-	The German [[DJ]], [[techno music]] producer and [[naturalist]] [[Dominik Eulberg]] is an avid [[bird watcher]], and several tracks by him prominently feature sampled bird sounds and even are titled after his favourite specimens.{{Fact\|date=November 2007}}
-
-	===Bird song and poetry===
-	Bird song is a popular subject in poetry. Famous poems inspired by bird song include [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]'s To a Skylark ("Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!/Bird thou never wert") and [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]]' Sea and Skylark. Much of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s work is centered on birdsong and its relation to [[Middle-earth]] inhabitants.{{Fact\|date=November 2007}}

	==See also==		==See also==

Bird songs

2012-05-15T11:43:45Z

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New page

#redirect[[Bird vocalization]]

Masakazu Konishi

2012-05-15T11:42:33Z

Created page with "{{compPsy}} {{nihongo|'''Masakazu "Mark" Konishi'''|小西正一|Konishi Masakazu|born 17 February 1933}} is a Japanese neurobiologist, known for his research on prey capture a..."

New page

{{compPsy}}

{{nihongo|'''Masakazu "Mark" Konishi'''|小西正一|Konishi Masakazu|born 17 February 1933}} is a Japanese neurobiologist, known for his research on prey capture auditory systems of barn owls and singing in songbirds.<ref>[http://biology.caltech.edu/Members/Konishi Biology Division - Masakazu Konishi]</ref>

==Life==
After growing up in wartime Kyoto, Konishi moved to study at Sapporo Agricultural College, [[Hokkaido University]]. Konishi studied for his doctoral thesis on properties of birdsong under Peter Marler at [[University of California, Berkeley]]. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (USA) in 1985. The NAS membership directory notes that "Konishi is a world leader in linking [[ethology]] and [[neurophysiology]]. He has shown the crucial role of auditory feedback in [[bird songs]], has elucidated the role of sound frequency and spatial characteristics in [[auditory localization]] by [[barn owl]], and has discovered the role of [[hormones]] in early differentiation of vocal control areas in the male avian brain."<ref>[http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/1605498273?pg=vprof&mbr=1003733&returl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FDir%2F1605498273%3Fpg%3Dsrch%26view%3Dbasic&retmk=search_again_link National Academy of Sciences - Masakazu Konishi]</ref>

==See also==

==Selected publications==
* Albeck, Y. and Konishi, M. (1995) Responses of neurons in the owl's time processing pathway to partially binaurally correlated signals. J. Neurophysiol. 74: 1689-1700.
* Konishi, M. (1995) Neural mechanisms of auditory image formation. In: The Cognitive Neurosciences, Ed. M. S. Gazzaniga, MIT Press pp. 269–277.
* Peña, J. L., Viete, S., Albeck, Y. and Konishi, M. (1996) Tolerance to sound intensity of binaural coincidence detection in the nucleus laminaris of the owl. J. Neurosci. 16: 7046-7054.
* Viete, S. and Peña, J. L. and Konishi, M. (1997) The effects of interaural intensity difference on theprocessing of interaural time difference in the owl’s nucleus laminaris. J. Neurosci. 17: 1815 - 1824.
* Saberi, K. and Farahbod, H. and Konishi, M. (1998) How do owls localize interaurally phase-ambiguous signals? Proc. Natl. Acad. Scie USA 95: 6465 - 6468.
* Schmidt, M. and Konishi, M. (1998) Gating of auditory responses in the vocal control system of awake songbirds. Nature Neurosci. 1:513-518.
* Saberi, K., Takahashi, Y., Konishi, M., Albeck, Y., Arthur, B. J. and Farahbod, H.1998 Effects of interaural decorrelation on neural and behavioral detection of spatial cues. Neuron 21:789-798.
* Schmidt, M. and Konishi, M. (1998) Gating of auditory responses in the vocal control system of awake songbirds. Nature Neurosci. 1:513-518.
* Konishi, M. (1999) Sound localization in owls. Elsevvier’s Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Eds G. Adelman and B. H. Smith. pp. 1906–1908.
* Saberi, K.,Takahashi, Y. and Farahbod, H. and Konishi, M. (1999) Neural bases of an auditory illusion and its elimination in owls. Nature Neurosci 1:656-659.
* Konishi, M. (2000) Neural mechanisms of sound localization in owls. Russ. J. Physiol. 86:884-897 (in Russian).
* Konishi, M. (2000) Study of sound localization by owls and its relevance to humans. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A 126: 459-469.
* Peña, J. L. and Konishi, M. (2000) Cellular mechanisms for resolving phase ambiguity in the owl’s inferior colliculus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:11787-11792.
* Hudspeth, A. J. and Konishi, M. (2000) Auditory neuroscience: Development, transduction, and integration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 11690-11691.
* Köppl, C. Manley, G. A. and Konishi, M. (2000) Auditory processing in birds. Curr. Op. Neurobiol. 10:474-481.
* Konishi, M. (2000) Study of sound localization by owls and its relevance to humans. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 126: 459-469.
* Peña, J. L. and Konishi, M. (2001) Auditory spatial receptive fields created by multiplication. Science 292:249-252.

==References==
*[http://www.sfn.org/skins/main/pdf/history_of_neuroscience/hon_vol_6/c7.pdf Autobiography]
{{reflist}}

==Links==
*[http://biology.caltech.edu/Members/Konishi Personal profile page]
* [http://neurotree.org/neurotree/peopleinfo.php?pid=90 Neurotree page]

{{NeuroethologyNavbox}}
{{Neuroscience}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konishi, Masakazu}}
[[Category:People from Kyoto]]
[[Category:Japanese biologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]

[[de:Masakazu Konishi]]

{{enWP|Masakazu Konishi}}

Owls - auditory localization

2012-05-15T11:39:06Z

Paradigm

2012-05-15T11:38:18Z

References and links:

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	==References and links==		==References and links==
-	*Clarke, Thomas and Clegg, Stewart (eds). Changing Paradigms''. London: HarperCollins, 2000.ISBN 0-00-638731-4	+	*Clarke, Thomas and Clegg, Stewart (eds). Changing Paradigms''. London: HarperCollins, 2000.ISBN 0-00-638731-4''
	* Handa, M. L. (1986) "Peace Paradigm: Transcending Liberal and Marxian Paradigms" Paper presented in "International Symposium on Science, Technology and Development, New Delhi, India, March 20–25, 1987, Mimeographed at O.I.S.E., University of Toronto, Canada (1986)		* Handa, M. L. (1986) "Peace Paradigm: Transcending Liberal and Marxian Paradigms" Paper presented in "International Symposium on Science, Technology and Development, New Delhi, India, March 20–25, 1987, Mimeographed at O.I.S.E., University of Toronto, Canada (1986)
-	* Kuhn, Thomas S. ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'', 3rd Ed. Chicago and London: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN 0-226-45808-3 - [http://books.google.com.br/books?id=xnjS401VuFMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=thomas+kuhn&hl=pt-BR&ei=-ZQ4TujRNqnZ0QG9zNzYAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books] <small>Aug. 2011</small>	+	* Kuhn, Thomas S. ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'', 3rd Ed. Chicago and London: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN 0-226-45808-3 - [http://books.google.com.br/books?id=xnjS401VuFMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=thomas+kuhn&hl=pt-BR&ei=-ZQ4TujRNqnZ0QG9zNzYAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books] <small>Aug. 2011</small>
-	* Masterman, Margaret, "The Nature of a Paradigm," pp. 59–89 in Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave. ''Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1970. ISBN 0-521-09623-5	+	* Masterman, Margaret, "The Nature of a Paradigm," pp. 59–89 in Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave. ''Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1970. ISBN 0-521-09623-5
-	* Encyclopædia Britannica, Univ. of Chicago, 2003, ISBN 0-85229-961-3
	* Dogan, Mattei., "Paradigms in the Social Sciences," in ''International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences,'' Volume 16, 2001)		* Dogan, Mattei., "Paradigms in the Social Sciences," in ''International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences,'' Volume 16, 2001)
	* [http://www.funonthenet.in/articles/Paradigm-Presentation.html Paradigm Presentation] An interesting look at how a Paradigm is created		* [http://www.funonthenet.in/articles/Paradigm-Presentation.html Paradigm Presentation] An interesting look at how a Paradigm is created
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	{{philosophy of science}}		{{philosophy of science}}
	{{Technology}}		{{Technology}}
-	[[Category:Epistemology of science]]

	<!---		<!---
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	{{enWP\|Paradigm}}		{{enWP\|Paradigm}}
		+	[[Category:Epistemology of science]]
	[[Category:Organizational studies and human resource management]]		[[Category:Organizational studies and human resource management]]
	[[Category:Epistemology]]		[[Category:Epistemology]]

Owls - auditory localization

2012-05-15T11:36:47Z

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	The [[axons]] of the [[auditory nerve]] emanate from the nerve cell bodies in the inner ear. Different sound frequencies are encoded by different fibers of the auditory nerve, but codes for the timing and intensity of the sound are not segregated within the auditory nerve. Instead, the ITD is encoded by [[phase locking]], i.e. firing at or near a particular phase angle of the sinusoidal stimulus sound wave, and the IID is encoded by spike rate. Both parameters are carried by each fiber of the auditory nerve<ref>Zupanc, Gunther K.H. ''Behavioral Neurobiology: An integrative approach.'' Oxford University Press, New York: 2004, 142-149.</ref>.		The [[axons]] of the [[auditory nerve]] emanate from the nerve cell bodies in the inner ear. Different sound frequencies are encoded by different fibers of the auditory nerve, but codes for the timing and intensity of the sound are not segregated within the auditory nerve. Instead, the ITD is encoded by [[phase locking]], i.e. firing at or near a particular phase angle of the sinusoidal stimulus sound wave, and the IID is encoded by spike rate. Both parameters are carried by each fiber of the auditory nerve<ref>Zupanc, Gunther K.H. ''Behavioral Neurobiology: An integrative approach.'' Oxford University Press, New York: 2004, 142-149.</ref>.

-	The fibers of the auditory nerve innervate both [[cochlear nuclei]], the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis and the cochlear nucleus angularis. The neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis phase-lock, but are fairly insensitive to variations in sound intensity, while the neurons of the nucleus angularis phase-lock poorly, if at all, but are sensitive to variations in sound intensity. These two nuclei are the starting points of two separate but parallel pathways to the [[inferior colliculus]]: the pathway from nucleus magnocellularis processes ITDs, and the pathway from nucleus angularis processes IID.	+	The fibers of the auditory nerve innervate both [[cochlear nuclei]], the [[cochlear nucleus magnocellularis]] and the[[cochlear nucleus angularis]]. The neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis phase-lock, but are fairly insensitive to variations in sound intensity, while the neurons of the nucleus angularis phase-lock poorly, if at all, but are sensitive to variations in sound intensity. These two nuclei are the starting points of two separate but parallel pathways to the [[inferior colliculus]]: the pathway from nucleus magnocellularis processes ITDs, and the pathway from nucleus angularis processes IID.

	[[Image:Owl sound localization parallel processing in brain.jpg\|thumb\|Parallel processing pathways in the brain for time and intensity for sound localization in the owl.]]		[[Image:Owl sound localization parallel processing in brain.jpg\|thumb\|Parallel processing pathways in the brain for time and intensity for sound localization in the owl.]]

-	In the time pathway, the nucleus laminaris is the first site of binaural convergence. It is here that that the ITD is detected and encoded using neuronal [[delay lines]] and [[coincidence detection]], as in the Jeffress model; when phase-locked impulses coming from the left and right ears coincide at a laminaris neuron, the cell fires most strongly. Neurons from the nucleus laminaris project to the core of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus and to the anterior lateral lemniscal nucleus.	+	In the time pathway, the [[nucleus laminari]]s is the first site of binaural convergence. It is here that that the ITD is detected and encoded using neuronal [[delay lines]] and [[coincidence detection]], as in the [[Jeffress model]]; when phase-locked impulses coming from the left and right ears coincide at a laminaris neuron, the cell fires most strongly. Neurons from the nucleus laminaris project to the core of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus and to the [[anterior lateral lemniscal nucleus]].

	In the intensity pathway, the posterior lateral lemniscal nucleus is the site of binaural convergence and where IID is processed. Stimulation of the contralateral ear excites and that of the ipsilateral ear inhibits the neurons of the nuclei in each brain hemisphere independently. The degree of excitation and inhibition depends on sound intensity, and the difference between the strength of the inhibitory input and that of the excitatory input determines the rate at which neurons of the lemniscal nucleus fire. Thus, the response of these neurons is a function of the differences in sound intensity between the two ears.		In the intensity pathway, the posterior lateral lemniscal nucleus is the site of binaural convergence and where IID is processed. Stimulation of the contralateral ear excites and that of the ipsilateral ear inhibits the neurons of the nuclei in each brain hemisphere independently. The degree of excitation and inhibition depends on sound intensity, and the difference between the strength of the inhibitory input and that of the excitatory input determines the rate at which neurons of the lemniscal nucleus fire. Thus, the response of these neurons is a function of the differences in sound intensity between the two ears.
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	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Auditory localization]]		*[[Auditory localization]]
		+	*[[Coincidence detection in neurobiology]]
		+

	==References==		==References==

Category:Animal perception

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[[Category:Perception]]

Category:Bird perception

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[[Category:Animal perception]]

Category:Bird hearing

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[[Category:Bird perception]]

Owls - auditory localization

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	[[Category:Auditory localization]]		[[Category:Auditory localization]]
		+	[[Category:Bird hearing]]
	[[Category:Owls]]		[[Category:Owls]]

User talk:Uyronquillo

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User:Uyronquillo

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Bird behavior

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Created page with "{{CompPsy} } Bird behavior includes: * Singing * Intelligence * Migration * Incubation * [[Br..."

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{{CompPsy}
}
Bird behavior includes:

* [[Bird vocalization|Singing]]
* [[Bird intelligence|Intelligence]]
* [[Bird migration|Migration]]
* [[Avian incubation|Incubation]]
* [[Brood parasite]]s
* [[Bird nest|Nesting]]
* [[Bird hybrid|Hybrids]]

[[Category:Animal behavior]]
[[Category:Birds]]

Template:Birds

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New page

{{Navbox
| name = Birds
| state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}}
| title = [[Bird]]s ([[Class (biology)|class]]: Aves)
| bodyclass = hlist

| group1 = [[Anatomy]]
| list1 =
* [[Bird anatomy]]
* [[Bird flight|Flight]]
* [[Egg (biology)|Eggs]]
* [[Feather]]s
* [[Plumage]]
* [[Beak]]
* [[Bird vision|Vision]]
* [[Dactyly#bird digits|Dactyly]]
* [[Uropygial gland|Preen gland]]

| group3 = Behaviour
| list3 =

* [[Bird vocalization|Singing]]
* [[Bird intelligence|Intelligence]]
* [[Bird migration|Migration]]
* [[Avian incubation|Incubation]]
* [[Brood parasite]]s
* [[Bird nest|Nesting]]
* [[Bird hybrid|Hybrids]]

| group4 = <br>Subclass: [[Modern birds|Neornithes]]<br>(29 [[Order (biology)|order]]s of modern birds)
| list4 =
{{Navbox|child
| list1 =
{{navbox|child| abovestyle = text-align: left;

| above = Superorder: [[Palaeognathae]]
| list1 =
* [[Ratite|Struthioniformes {{small|(ratites)}}]]
* [[Tinamou|Tinamiformes {{small|(tinamous)}}]]

}}
| list2 =
{{navbox|child| abovestyle = text-align: left;

| above = Superorder: [[Neognathae]]
| list1 =
* [[Accipitriformes|Accipitriformes {{small|(eagles and hawks)}}]]
* [[Anseriformes|Anseriformes {{small|(waterfowl)}}]]
* [[Apodiformes|Apodiformes {{small|(swifts and hummingbirds)}}]]
* [[Caprimulgiformes|Caprimulgiformes {{small|(nightjars and relatives)}}]]
* [[Cariamae|Cariamiformes {{small|(seriemas and relatives)}}]]
* [[Charadriiformes|Charadriiformes {{small|(gulls and relatives)}}]]
* [[Ciconiiformes|Ciconiiformes {{small|(storks)}}]]
* [[Mousebird|Coliiformes {{small|(mousebirds)}}]]
* [[Columbiformes|Columbiformes {{small|(doves and pigeons)}}]]
* [[Coraciiformes|Coraciiformes {{small|(kingfishers and relatives)}}]]
* [[Cuculiformes|Cuculiformes {{small|(cuckoos and relatives)}}]]
* [[Eurypygiformes|Eurypygiformes {{small|(Kagu and Sunbitternl)}}]]
* [[Falconiformes|Falconiformes {{small|(falcons and relatives)}}]]
* [[Galliformes|Galliformes {{small|(gamebirds)}}]]
* [[Loon|Gaviiformes {{small|(loons or divers)}}]]
* [[Gruiformes|Gruiformes {{small|(cranes and relatives)}}]]
* [[Passerine|Passeriformes {{small|(perching birds)}}]]
* [[Pelecaniformes|Pelecaniformes {{small|(pelicans and relatives)}}]]
* [[Tropicbird|Phaethontiformes {{small|(tropicbirds)}}]]
* [[Flamingo|Phoenicopteriformes {{small|(flamingos)}}]]
* [[Piciformes|Piciformes {{small|(woodpeckers and relatives)}}]]
* [[Grebe|Podicipediformes {{small|(grebes)}}]]
* [[Procellariiformes|Procellariiformes {{small|(albatrosses and petrels)}}]]
* [[Parrot|Psittaciformes {{small|(parrots)}}]]
* [[Sandgrouse|Pteroclidiformes {{small|(sandgrouses)}}]]
* [[Penguin|Sphenisciformes {{small|(penguins)}}]]
* [[Owl|Strigiformes {{small|(owls)}}]]
* [[Trogon|Trogoniformes {{small|(trogons and quetzals)}}]]

}}
}}

| group5 = Lists
| list5 =
* [[List of birds|Families and orders]]
* [[List of bird genera|Genera]]
* [[Lists of birds by region|Lists by region]]
* [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy of birds|Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]]

| below =
* [[:Category:Birds|Category]]
* [[Portal:Birds|Portal]]
* [[Outline of birds|Outline]]
}}<noinclude>

[[Category:Birds navigational boxes| ]]

Bird families

2012-05-14T22:58:58Z

Created page with "{{CompPsy}} This page lists living orders and families of birds. The links below should then lead to family accounts of [[bird beha..."

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{{CompPsy}}

This page lists living [[Order (biology)|orders]] and [[Family (biology)|families]] of [[bird]]s. The links below should then lead to family accounts of [[bird behavior]] etc and hence to individual species.

Taxonomy is very fluid in the age of [[DNA]] analysis, so comments are made where appropriate, and all numbers are approximate. In particular see [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]] for a very different classification.

==Paleognathae==

The flightless and mostly giant Struthioniformes lack a [[Keel (bird anatomy)|keeled]] sternum and are collectively known as ratites. Together with the Tinamiformes, they form the '''[[Paleognathae]]''' or "old jaws", one of the two evolutionary superorders.

===[[Struthioniformes]]===
Africa and Australasia; 2 species.
* [[Struthionidae]]: Ostrich

===[[Rheiformes]]===
South America; 2 species.
* [[Rheidae]]: rheas

===[[Tinamiformes]]===
South America; 45 species.
* [[Tinamidae]]: tinamous

===[[Casuariiformes]]===
Australasia; 4 species.
* [[Casuariidae]]: cassowaries
* [[Dromaiidae]]: Emu

===[[Apterygiformes]]===
Australasia; 5 species.
* [[Apterygidae]]: kiwis

==Neognathae==

Nearly all living birds belong to the superorder of '''[[Neognathae]]''' or "new jaws". With their keels, unlike the ratites, they are known as [[carinatae]]. The passerines alone account for well over 5000 species.

===[[Anseriformes]]===
Worldwide; 150 species.
* [[Anhimidae]]: screamers
* [[Anseranatidae]]: Magpie-goose
* [[Anatidae]]: [[duck]]s, [[goose|geese]], and [[swan]]s

===[[Galliformes]]===
Worldwide; 250 species.
* [[Megapodidae]]: megapodes
* [[Cracidae]]: [[chachalaca]]s, [[curassow]]s, and [[Guan (bird)|guan]]s
* [[Phasianoidea]]: [[pheasant]]s and allies
** [[Odontophoridae]]: New World quail
** [[Numididae]]: guineafowl
** [[Phasianidae]]: [[pheasant]]s and relatives

===[[Podicipediformes]]===
Worldwide; 19 species; sometimes grouped with Phoenicopteriformes.
* [[Podicipedidae]]: grebes

===[[Phoenicopteriformes]]===
Worldwide; 6 species.
* [[Phoenicopteridae]]: flamingos

===[[Mesitornithiformes]]===
Madagascar, Neotropics, New Caledonia; 5 species.
* [[Mesitornithidae]]: mesites
* [[Rhynochetidae]]: Kagu
* [[Eurypygidae]]: Sunbittern

===[[Pteroclidiformes]]===
Africa, Europe, Asia; 16 species; sometimes grouped with Columbiformes.
* [[Pteroclididae]]: sandgrouse

===[[Columbiformes]]===
Worldwide; 300 species.
* [[Columbidae]]: pigeons and doves

===[[Phaethontiformes]]===
Oceanic; 3 species.
* [[Phaethontidae]]: tropicbirds

===[[Caprimulgiformes]]===
Worldwide; 90 species.
* [[Steatornithidae]]: Oilbird
* [[Podargidae]]: frogmouths
* [[Nyctibiidae]]: potoos
* [[Caprimulgidae]]: [[nighthawk]]s and nightjars
* [[Eurostopodidae]]: eared-nightjars

===[[Apodiformes]]===
Worldwide; 400 species.
* [[Trochilidae]]: hummingbirds
* [[Apodidae]]: swifts
* [[Hemiprocnidae]]: treeswifts

===[[Aegotheliformes]]===
Oceania; 10 species; sometimes grouped with Apodiformes.
* [[Aegothelidae]]: owlet-nightjars

===[[Cuculiformes]]===
Worldwide; 126 species.
* [[Cuculidae]]: cuckoos and relatives

===[[Opisthocomiformes]]===
South America; 1 species.
* [[Opisthocomidae]]: Hoatzin

===[[Musophagiformes]]===
Africa; 23 species.
* [[Musophagidae]]: turacos and relatives

===[[Gruiformes]]===
Worldwide; 191 species.
* [[Otididae]]: bustards
* [[Grui]]: cranes and allies
** [[Gruidae]]: cranes
** [[Aramidae]]: Limpkin
** [[Psophiidae]]: trumpeters
* [[Ralli]]: rails and allies
** [[Rallidae]]: rails and relatives
** [[Heliornithidae]]: finfoots

===[[Gaviiformes]]===
North America, Eurasia; 5 species.
* [[Gaviidae]]: loons

===[[Sphenisciformes]]===
Antarctic and southern waters; 17 species.
* [[Spheniscidae]]: penguins

===[[Procellariiformes]]===
Pan-oceanic; 120 species.
* [[Diomedeidae]]: albatrosses
* [[Procellariidae]]: [[petrel]]s and relatives
* [[Pelecanoididae]]: diving petrels
* [[Hydrobatidae]]: storm petrels

===[[Ciconiiformes]]===
Worldwide; 19 species.
* [[Ciconiidae]]: storks

===[[Pelecaniformes]]===
Worldwide; 108 species.
* [[Balaenicipitidae]]: Shoebill
* [[Scopidae]]: Hamerkop
* [[Pelecanidae]]: pelicans
* [[Ardeidae]]: herons and relatives
* [[Threskiornithidae]]: [[ibis]]es and [[spoonbill]]s

===[[Suliformes]]===
Worldwide; 59 species.
* [[Phalacrocoracidae]]: cormorants and shags
* [[Fregatidae]]: frigatebirds
* [[Sulidae]]: [[booby|boobies]] and [[gannet]]s
* [[Anhingidae]]: darters

===[[Charadriiformes]]===
Worldwide; 350 species
* [[Scolopaci]]
** [[Scolopacidae]]: sandpipers and relatives
* [[Thinocori]]: [[jacana]]-like waders
** [[Rostratulidae]]: painted snipes
** [[Jacanidae]]: jacanas
** [[Thinocoridae]]: Seedsnipes
** [[Pedionomidae]]: Plains-wanderer
* [[Turnici]]
** [[Turnicidae]]: buttonquail
* [[Lari]]: gulls and allies
** [[Laridae]]: [[gull]]s
** [[Rhynchopidae]]: skimmers
** [[Sternidae]]: terns
** [[Alcidae]]: auks
** [[Stercorariidae]]: skuas and jaegers
** [[Glareolidae]]: [[courser]]s and [[pratincole]]s
** [[Crab Plover|Dromadidae]]: Crab-Plover
* [[Chionidi]]: thick-knees and allies
** [[Burhinidae]]: thick-knees and relatives
** [[Chionididae]]: sheathbills
** [[Pluvianellidae]]: Magellanic Plover
* [[Charadrii]]: plover-like waders
** [[Ibidorhynchidae]]: Ibisbill
** [[Recurvirostridae]]: [[avocet]]s and [[stilt]]s
** [[Haematopodidae]]: oystercatchers
** [[Charadriidae]]: [[plover]]s and [[lapwing]]s

===[[Accipitriformes]]===
Worldwide; 200 species.
* [[Cathartidae]]: New World vultures
* [[Pandionidae]]: Osprey
* [[Accipitridae]]: [[hawk]]s and relatives
* [[Sagittaridae]]: Secretarybird

===[[Strigiformes]]===
Worldwide; 130 species.
* [[Tytonidae]]: barn owls
* [[Strigidae]]: true owls

===[[Coliiformes]]===
Sub-Saharan Africa; 6 species.
* [[Coliidae]]: mousebirds

===[[Trogoniformes]]===
Sub-Saharan Africa, Americas, Asia; 35 species.
* [[Trogonidae]]: trogons and [[quetzal]]s

===[[Coraciiformes]]===
Worldwide; 144 species.
* [[Meropidae]]: bee-eaters
* [[Coraciidae]]: rollers
* [[Brachypteraciidae]]: ground rollers
* [[Todidae]]: todies
* [[Momotidae]]: motmots
* [[Alcedines]]: kingfishers
** [[Alcedinidae]]: river kingfishers
** [[Halcyonidae]]: tree kingfishers
** [[Cerylidae]]: water kingfishers

===[[Bucerotiformes]]===
Old World, New Guinea; 64 species.
* [[Bucerotidae]]: hornbills
* [[Upupidae]]: Hoopoe
* [[Phoeniculidae]]: woodhoopoes

===[[Leptosomatiformes]]===
Madagascar; 1 species.
* [[Leptosomatidae]]: Cuckoo-roller

===[[Piciformes]]===
Worldwide except Australasia; 400 species.
* [[Galbulidae]]: jacamars
* [[Bucconidae]]: puffbirds
* [[Lybiidae]]: African barbets
* [[Megalaimidae]]: Asian barbets
* [[Ramphastidae]]: toucans
* [[Semnornithidae]]: Toucan barbets
* [[Capitonidae]]: American barbets
* [[Picidae]]: woodpeckers
* [[Indicatoridae]]: honeyguides

===[[Falconiformes]]===
Worldwide; 60 species.
* [[Falconidae]]: falcons and relatives

===[[Cariamiformes]]===
South America; 2 species.
* [[Cariamidae]]: seriemas

===[[Psittaciformes]]===
Pan-tropical, southern temperate zones; 330 species.
* [[Nestoridae]]: Kea and kakas
* [[Strigopidae]]: Kakapo
* [[Cacatuidae]]: cockatoos
* [[Psittacidae]]: African and American parrots
* [[Psittrichasiidae]]: Pesquet's parrot, vasa parrots
* [[Psittaculidae]]: Australasian parrots

===[[Passeriformes]]===
Worldwide; 5000 species.
* [[Acanthisitti]]
** [[Acanthisittidae]]: New Zealand wrens
* [[Tyranni]]: suboscines
** [[Eurylaimidae]]: broadbills
** [[Philepittidae]]: asities
** [[Pittidae]]: pittas
** [[Sapayoidae]]: Sapayoa
** [[Tyrannidae]]: tyrant flycatchers
** [[Tityridae]]: [[becard]]s and [[tityra]]s
** [[Furnariidae]]: ovenbirds
** [[Thamnophilidae]]: antbirds
** [[Formicariidae]]: ground antbirds and [[tapaculo]]s
** [[Conopophagidae]]: gnateaters
** [[Cotingidae]]: cotingas
** [[Pipridae]]: manakins
** [[Melanopareiidae]]: crescent-chests
* [[Passeri]]: oscines
** [[Atrichornithidae]]: scrub-birds
** [[Menuridae]]: lyrebirds
** [[Alaudidae]]: larks
** [[Hirundinidae]]: swallows and martins
** [[Motacillidae]]: [[wagtail]]s and [[pipit]]s
** [[Campephagidae]]: cuckoo-shrikes
** [[Eupetidae]]: Rail-Babbler
** [[Pycnonotidae]]: bulbuls
** [[Regulidae]]: kinglets
** [[Hyliotidae]]: hyliotas
** [[Chloropseidae]]: leafbirds
** [[Aegithinidae]]: ioras
** [[Ptilogonatidae]]: silky-flycatchers
** [[Bombycillidae]]: waxwings
** [[Hypocoliidae]]: Hypocolius
** [[Dulidae]]: Palmchat
** [[Cinclidae]]: dippers
** [[Troglodytidae]]: wrens
** [[Donacobiidae]]: Donacobius
** [[Mimidae]]: [[mockingbird]]s and [[thrasher]]s
** [[Prunellidae]]: accentors
** [[Turdidae]]: thrushes and relatives
** [[Cisticolidae]]: [[cisticola]]s and relatives
** [[Sylviidae]]: true warblers
** [[Stenostiridae]]: fairy warblers
** [[Macrosphenidae]]: African warblers
** [[Cettiidae]]: bush warblers
** [[Phylloscopidae]]: leaf warblers
** [[Megaluridae]]: grass warblers
** [[Acrocephalidae]]: marsh warblers
** [[Bernieridae]]: malagasy warblers
** [[Pnoepygidae]]: pygmy wren-babblers
** [[Polioptilidae]]: gnatcatchers
** [[Muscicapidae]]: flycatchers and relatives
** [[Platysteiridae]]: wattle-eyes and [[Batis (bird)|batis]]es
** [[Petroicidae]]: Australasian robins
** [[Pachycephalidae]]: [[whistler (bird)|whistler]]s and relatives
** [[Colluricinclidae]]: [[shrike-thrush]]es and relatives
** [[Picathartidae]]: rockfowl
** [[Chaetopidae]]: rock-jumpers
** [[Timaliidae]]: babblers and relatives
** [[Panuridae]]: Bearded Reedling
** [[Nicatoridae]]: nicators
** [[Pomatostomidae]]: Australasian babblers
** [[Orthonychidae]]: logrunners
** [[Cinclosomatidae]]: whipbirds and [[quail-thrush]]es
** [[Aegithalidae]]: bushtits
** [[Maluridae]]: Australasian wrens
** [[Neosittidae]]: sittellas
** [[Climacteridae]]: Australasian treecreepers
** [[Paridae]]: chickadees and true tits
** [[Sittidae]]: nuthatches
** [[Tichodromidae]]: Wallcreeper
** [[Certhiidae]]: treecreepers
** [[Rhabdornithidae]]: Philippine creepers
** [[Remizidae]]: penduline tits
** [[Nectariniidae]]: sunbirds
** [[Melanocharitidae]]: berrypeckers
** [[Paramythiidae]]: painted berrypeckers
** [[Dicaeidae]]: flowerpeckers
** [[Dasyornithidae]]: bristlebirds
** [[Pardalotidae]]: pardalotes
** [[Acanthizidae]]: Australasian warblers
** [[Zosteropidae]]: white-eyes
** [[Promeropidae]]: sugarbirds
** [[Meliphagidae]]: honeyeaters and relatives
** [[Notiomystidae]]: Stitchbird
** [[Oriolidae]]: Old World orioles
** [[Irenidae]]: fairy-bluebirds
** [[Laniidae]]: shrikes
** [[Malaconotidae]]: bushshrikes and relatives
** [[Prionopidae]]: helmetshrikes and relatives
** [[Vangidae]]: vangas
** [[Dicruridae]]: drongos
** [[Rhipiduridae]]: fantails
** [[Monarchidae]]: monarch flycatchers
** [[Callaeidae]]: wattlebirds
** [[Corcoracidae]]: mudnesters
** [[Artamidae]]: [[woodswallow]]s and [[butcherbird]]s
** [[Pityriaseidae]]: bristlehead
** [[Paradisaeidae]]: birds-of-paradise
** [[Cnemophilidae]]: satinbirds
** [[Ptilonorhynchidae]]: bowerbirds
** [[Corvidae]]: [[jay]]s and [[crow]]s
** [[Sturnidae]]: starlings and [[myna]]s
** [[Buphagidae]]: oxpeckers
** [[Passeridae]]: Old World sparrows
** [[Ploceidae]]: weavers and relatives
** [[Estrildidae]]: weaver finches
** [[Viduidae]]: whydahs and indigobirds
** [[Vireonidae]]: vireos and relatives
** [[Fringillidae]]: finches and relatives
** [[Urocynchramidae]]: Pink-tailed Bunting
** [[Peucedramidae]]: Olive Warbler
** [[Parulidae]]: wood warblers
** [[Coerebidae]]: Bananaquit
** [[Thraupidae]]: tanagers and relatives
** [[Emberizidae]]: [[Bunting (bird)|Old World buntings]] and [[New World sparrow]]s
** [[Cardinalidae]]: cardinals, [[grosbeak]]s, and New World buntings
** [[Icteridae]]: [[New World blackbird]]s and [[New World oriole]]s

==See also==
*[[Lists of animals]]
* [[List of African birds]]
* [[List of Asian birds]]
* [[List of birds of Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica]]
* [[List of Australian birds]]
* [[List of European birds]]
* [[List of North American birds]]
* [[List of extinct birds]]
* [[Prehistoric birds]]
* [[Fossil birds]]
* [[List of chicken breeds]]
* [[List of birds by common name]]

For regions smaller than continents see:

* [[Lists of birds by region]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Birds}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Birds}}
[[Category:Lists of birds| ]]
[[Category:Birds by classification| ]]
[[Category:Ornithology lists]]



{{enWP|List of birds}}

Birds

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	==Classification==		==Classification==
		+	{{Main\|Bird families}}
		+
	The classification of birds is a contentious issue. [[Charles Sibley\|Sibley]] and [[Jon Ahlquist\|Ahlquist]]'s ''Phylogeny and Classification of Birds'' (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds,<ref>{{cite book \|last=Sibley \|first=Charles \|authorlink=Charles Sibley \|coauthors=[[Jon Edward Ahlquist]] \|year=1990 \|title=Phylogeny and classification of birds \|location=New Haven \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=0-300-04085-7}}</ref> although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest that the assignment of orders is accurate,<ref>{{cite book \|last=Mayr \|first=Ernst \|authorlink=Ernst W. Mayr \|coauthors=Short, Lester L.\|title=Species Taxa of North American Birds: A Contribution to Comparative Systematics \|series=Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, no. 9 \|year=1970 \|publisher=Nuttall Ornithological Club\|location=Cambridge, Mass. \|oclc=517185}}</ref> but scientists disagree about the relationships between the orders themselves; evidence from modern bird anatomy, fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem, but no strong consensus has emerged. More recently, new fossil and molecular evidence is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders.		The classification of birds is a contentious issue. [[Charles Sibley\|Sibley]] and [[Jon Ahlquist\|Ahlquist]]'s ''Phylogeny and Classification of Birds'' (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds,<ref>{{cite book \|last=Sibley \|first=Charles \|authorlink=Charles Sibley \|coauthors=[[Jon Edward Ahlquist]] \|year=1990 \|title=Phylogeny and classification of birds \|location=New Haven \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=0-300-04085-7}}</ref> although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest that the assignment of orders is accurate,<ref>{{cite book \|last=Mayr \|first=Ernst \|authorlink=Ernst W. Mayr \|coauthors=Short, Lester L.\|title=Species Taxa of North American Birds: A Contribution to Comparative Systematics \|series=Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, no. 9 \|year=1970 \|publisher=Nuttall Ornithological Club\|location=Cambridge, Mass. \|oclc=517185}}</ref> but scientists disagree about the relationships between the orders themselves; evidence from modern bird anatomy, fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem, but no strong consensus has emerged. More recently, new fossil and molecular evidence is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders.

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	<center><small>Basal divergences of modern birds<br/>based on [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]]</small></center>		<center><small>Basal divergences of modern birds<br/>based on [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]]</small></center>
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-	[[File:Neoaves Alternative Cladogram.png\|thumb\|300px\|\|right\|Cladogram showing the most recent classification of Neoaves, based on several phylogenetic studies.<ref>[http://tolweb.org/Neoaves/26305 "Neoaves"], ''Tree of Life Project''</ref>]]
-
-	This is a list of the taxonomic orders in the subclass Neornithes, or modern birds. This list uses the traditional classification (the so-called [[James Clements\|Clements]] order), revised by the Sibley-Monroe classification. The [[list of birds]] gives a more detailed summary of the orders, including families.
-
-	'''Subclass Neornithes'''<br/>
-	The subclass Neornithes has two [[superorder]]s –
-
-	Superorder [[Palaeognathae]]:
-
-	The name of the superorder is derived from 'paleognath', the ancient Greek for "old jaws" in reference to the skeletal anatomy of the palate, which is described as more primitive and reptilian than that in other birds. The Palaeognathae consists of two orders which comprise 49 existing species.
-
-	* [[Struthioniformes]]—[[ostrich]]es, [[emu]]s, [[kiwi]]s, and allies
-	* [[Tinamiformes]]—tinamous
-
-	Superorder [[Neognathae]]:
-
-	The superorder Neognathae comprises 27 orders which have a total of nearly ten thousand species.
-	The Neognathae have undergone [[adaptive radiation]] to produce the staggering diversity of form (especially of the bill and feet), function, and behavior that are seen today.
-
-	The orders comprising the Neognathae are:
-
-	* [[Anseriformes]]—waterfowl
-	* [[Galliformes]]—fowl
-	* [[Charadriiformes]]—[[gull]]s, [[button-quail]]s, [[plover]]s and allies
-	* [[Gaviiformes]]—loons
-	* [[Podicipediformes]]—grebes
-	* [[Procellariiformes]]—[[albatross]]es, [[petrel]]s, and allies
-	* [[Sphenisciformes]]—penguins
-	* [[Pelecaniformes]]—[[pelican]]s and allies
-	* [[Phaethontiformes]]—tropicbirds
-	* [[Ciconiiformes]]—[[stork]]s and allies
-	* [[Cathartiformes]]—New World vultures
-	* [[Phoenicopteriformes]]—flamingos
-	* [[Falconiformes]]—[[falcon]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[hawk]]s and allies
-	* [[Gruiformes]]—[[Crane (bird)\|cranes]] and allies
-	* [[Pteroclidiformes]]—sandgrouse
-	* [[Columbiformes]]—[[Columbidae\|doves and pigeons]]
-	* [[parrot\|Psittaciformes]]—[[parrot]]s and allies
-	* [[Cuculiformes]]—[[cuckoo]]s and [[turaco]]s
-	* [[Opisthocomiformes]]—hoatzin
-	* [[owl\|Strigiformes]]—owls
-	* [[Caprimulgiformes]]—[[nightjar]]s and allies
-	* [[Apodiformes]]—[[swift]]s and [[hummingbird]]s
-	* [[Coraciiformes]]—[[kingfisher]]s and allies
-	* [[Piciformes]]—[[woodpecker]]s and allies
-	* [[Trogoniformes]]—trogons
-	* [[Coliiformes]]—mousebirds
-	* [[Passerine\|Passeriformes]]—passerines
-
-	The radically different Sibley-Monroe classification ([[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]]), based on molecular data, found widespread adoption in a few aspects, as recent molecular, fossil, and anatomical evidence supported the [[Galloanserae]].<ref name = "Ericson"/>
-
-	==Distribution==

-	[[File:House sparrow04.jpg\|thumb\|left\|alt= small bird withpale belly and breast and patterned wing and head stands on concrete \|The range of the [[House Sparrow]] has expanded dramatically due to human activities.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Newton \|first=Ian\|year=2003 \|title=The Speciation and Biogeography of Birds \|location=Amsterdam \|publisher=Academic Press \|isbn=0-12-517375-X\|page=463}}</ref>]]

	Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the [[Snow Petrel\|Snow Petrel's]] breeding colonies up to {{convert\|440\|km\|mi\|-1}} inland in [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Brooke \|first=Michael \|year=2004 \|title=Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World \|location=Oxford \|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-850125-0\|pages=}}</ref> The highest bird [[biodiversity\|diversity]] occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher [[speciation]] rates in the tropics, however recent studies found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater [[extinction]] rates than in the tropics.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Weir \|first=Jason T. \|month=March \|year=2007 \|title=The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals \|journal=[[Science (journal)\|Science]] \|volume=315 \|issue=5818 \|pages=1574–76 \|doi=10.1126/science.1135590 \|pmid=17363673 \|issn=0036-8075 \|last2=Schluter \|first2=D}}</ref> Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, with some [[seabird]] species coming ashore only to breed<ref name = "Burger">{{cite book \|last=Schreiber \|first=Elizabeth Anne \|coauthors=Joanna Burger \|year=2001 \|title=Biology of Marine Birds \|location=Boca Raton \|publisher=CRC Press \|isbn=0-8493-9882-7\|pages=}}</ref> and some [[penguin]]s have been recorded diving up to {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|-1}}.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Sato \|first=Katsufumi \|date=1 May 2002\|title=Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume? \|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology \|volume=205 \|issue=9 \|pages=1189–1197 \|pmid=11948196 \|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/205/9/1189 \|issn=0022-0949 \|author2=N \|author3=K \|author4=N \|author5=W \|author6=C \|author7=B \|author8=H \|author9=L}}</ref>		Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the [[Snow Petrel\|Snow Petrel's]] breeding colonies up to {{convert\|440\|km\|mi\|-1}} inland in [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Brooke \|first=Michael \|year=2004 \|title=Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World \|location=Oxford \|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=0-19-850125-0\|pages=}}</ref> The highest bird [[biodiversity\|diversity]] occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher [[speciation]] rates in the tropics, however recent studies found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater [[extinction]] rates than in the tropics.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Weir \|first=Jason T. \|month=March \|year=2007 \|title=The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals \|journal=[[Science (journal)\|Science]] \|volume=315 \|issue=5818 \|pages=1574–76 \|doi=10.1126/science.1135590 \|pmid=17363673 \|issn=0036-8075 \|last2=Schluter \|first2=D}}</ref> Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, with some [[seabird]] species coming ashore only to breed<ref name = "Burger">{{cite book \|last=Schreiber \|first=Elizabeth Anne \|coauthors=Joanna Burger \|year=2001 \|title=Biology of Marine Birds \|location=Boca Raton \|publisher=CRC Press \|isbn=0-8493-9882-7\|pages=}}</ref> and some [[penguin]]s have been recorded diving up to {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|-1}}.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Sato \|first=Katsufumi \|date=1 May 2002\|title=Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume? \|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology \|volume=205 \|issue=9 \|pages=1189–1197 \|pmid=11948196 \|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/205/9/1189 \|issn=0022-0949 \|author2=N \|author3=K \|author4=N \|author5=W \|author6=C \|author7=B \|author8=H \|author9=L}}</ref>

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Psychosynthesis

2012-05-14T22:43:25Z

Reverted edits by 152.78.161.55 (talk | block) to last version by AWeidman

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:43, May 14, 2012
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	*[http://www.psykosyntesakademin.se/ PsykosyntesAkademin, Stockholm].		*[http://www.psykosyntesakademin.se/ PsykosyntesAkademin, Stockholm].
	*[http://www.psychosynthesis.edu/ The Psychosynthesis & Education Trust , London]		*[http://www.psychosynthesis.edu/ The Psychosynthesis & Education Trust , London]
-	*[http://www.northlondoncounselling.org Psychosynthesis trained therapist in the UK]
-
-
-
-



		+

		+
		+


		+	[[Category:Psychotherapy]]
		+	[[Category:Spiritual evolution]]

	[[nl:Psychosynthese]]		[[nl:Psychosynthese]]
	{{enWP\| Psychosynthesis}}		{{enWP\| Psychosynthesis}}
-	[[Category:Psychotherapy]]
-	[[Category:Spiritual evolution]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:22, May 17, 2012
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	* [[Sociobiology]]		* [[Sociobiology]]
	* [[Social determinism]]		* [[Social determinism]]
-	* [[Mudsill theory]]

	== References ==		== References ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:39, May 15, 2012
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	*[[Auditory localization]]		*[[Auditory localization]]
	*[[Coincidence detection in neurobiology]]		*[[Coincidence detection in neurobiology]]
-		+	*[[Masakazu Konishi]]

	==References==		==References==